Autonomic Phisiology
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What are the two headings under autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic (fight and flight) Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
How many ganglions are there in the somatic nervous system?
Just one
What do somatic nerves innervate?
Skeletal muscle.
What do autonomic nerves innervate?
Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands (Involuntary)
How many neurones does the autonomic nervous system have (at each)
2 (pre-ganglionic neurone) (Post- ganglionic neurone)
What are the main differences between the pre-ganglionic neurone and post-ganglionic neurone?
Pre-ganglionic: small and MYLENTATED Postganglionic: UNMYLENATED.
What is different about the nature of the NMJ of the somatic nervous system?
Very SPECIALISED/ specific. The receptors are all ION-TROPIC The target skeletal muscles are ALWAYS excited.
What is different about the nature of the NMJ of the autonomic nervous system?
Much LESS specialised/ specific (lots of neurotransmitters are released into a general region of many receptors, which are scattered. The receptors are all METABOTROPIC - via G-protein etc. Can excite AND inhibit.
Can the somatic nervous system inhibit skeletal muscle?
NO, only excite. Always reaches threshold.
What type of receptors are present in the autonomic nervous system?
METABOTROPIC - G proteins etc.
What is the name for the outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Cranio-sacral
Which are longer- the pre or post-ganglionic neurones of the para-sympathetic nervous system?
PRE ganglionic. LONG- short
What is the outflow of the sympathetic nervous system called?
Thoracic-lumbar.
Where is the lumbar region found?
Between the thoracic and sacral regions.
Which is longer - pre-ganglionic or post-ganglionic in the sympathetic nervous system?
Post Short-long (Pre ganglionic until sympathetic trunk, then long to target molecule)
What is the structure present in the autonomic, sympathetic nervous system called which all the pre-ganglionic neurones attach to?
The sympathetic trunk.
What is mass activation in the sympathetic nervous system and what contributes to it?
Lots of ganglia being activated. CONVERGENCE and DIVERGENCE (many pre-ganglionic neurones attaching to one post-ganglionic neurone and vice versa).
What is the white ramus?
The MYLENTAED pre-synaptic ganglions/ fibres of the autonomic nervous system.
What is grey ramus?
The UN-MYLENATED post-ganglionic fibres of the autonomic nervous system.
Where can the ——— trunk be found?
The sympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system.
What are the two different neurotransmitters (hormones) that are released called?
Acetyl-choline Noradrenaline/ adrenaline
What receptors do acetylcholine act on? And what are the two sub-divisions?
CHOLINERGIC receptors Can be nicotinic(iontropic) or muscarinic (metabotropic).
What receptors do noradrenaline/ adrenaline act on and what are the two sub-divisions of them?
Adrenergic, can be alpha or beta.
What neurotransmitters do the PRE-ganglionic neurones of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system release, and what are the receptors?
Release acetylcholine And Bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors. (Same as NMJ, but can be differentiated)