infection and response(B)(p1/2)

-skin (secretes oils that kills pathogen, antimicrobe) -nose (jas lots of little hairs and mucus which traps pathogen) -trachea (traps particles, and has cilia, that moves bacteria to back of throat to be swallowd) -stomach (contain hydrochloric acid, had Ph 2,which kills bacteria)

when an specific white blood cell, called phagocyte, tracks, BINDS AND THEN ENGULFS PATHOGEN, to destroy them.

small molecules that binds and counteracts toxins, to prevent them from doing any damage

shall proteins, that attach to antigen. Sending signals to white blood cells to destroy them. which simulates preproduction of specific antigen for future illness

+phagocytosis +antitoxins +antibodies

weekend pathogen injected into body, producing antibodies. this then protects us from disease, aswell as preventing outbreaks(prevents death)Hence creating herd immunity [works on bacteria and viruses]

they don’t always grant immunity. You could get a bad reaction cause mild symptoms like cold or flu

aspirin, paracetamol, cough medicine

antibiotics

antibiotics are specificly made for bacteria, s it cant do anything. viruses would be too small to detect

Microorganisms and plants evolving for many years, so are able to kill pathogens. So we can directly take them for medicine or modify then a little

-efficacy: how well drug works -toxicity: how harmful it is (side affect) -dosage: concentration of drug given

Stage1: test on human cells and tissues. This is cheap, and can test lots of substances. Although does not tell us affect on entire organism Stage 2: animal testing. Provides understanding of efficacy and toxicity Stage3: clinical testing. Give volunteers low dosage then slowly increase it to find maximum dosage before it causes side affects. Then apply to suffer, slowly increase till optimum dosage reached

The prices where the doctor gives select few patient a real and fake drug. Bath the doctor and patient will be “double blind’ and not known if they get drug