chemistry key reactions
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How do you get from an alkene to a haloalkane?
Through electrophilic substitution with a hydrogen halide or halogen.
How do you go from an alkene to alkane?
Via hydrogenation Mix with hydrogen and pass through a nickel catalyst at 423k
How do you go from an alkene to an alcohol?
Via an addition reaction React with H2O (g) in the presence of H3PO4
How do you go from a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
Via an oxidation reaction Gentle heating with an oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4] Distill as it is formed Gentle heating
How do you go from a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?
Through an oxidation reaction React with oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4] Heat strongly under reflux
How do you go from a secondary alcohol to a ketone?
Through an oxidation reaction React with oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4] Heat strongly with reflux
How do you go from an alcohol to an alkene?
Via dehydration which is an elimination reaction Reflux with an acid catalyst like H2SO4
How can you go from an alcohol to a haloalkane?
Through a substitution reaction with a sodium halide Heat under reflux with sulfuric acid H2SO4
How can you go from a haloalkane to an alochol?
Through nucleophilic substitution with NaOH Under reflux
How do you go from benzene to nitrobenzene?
Through electrophilic substitution NO2+ Electrophile React with HNO3 and catalysed by H2SO4 , heated to 50*c
How do you go from benzene to a halo-benzene?
Through electrophilic substitution Requires a halogen catalyst to create electrophile e.g Cl+ Also forms a halogen halide
How do you go from benzene to an akylbenzene?
Occurs through electrophilic substitution Requires a halogen carrier
How do you go from benzene to an aromatic ketone?
Occurs through electrophilic substitution React with an acyl chloride in presence of a halogen carrier like AlCl3
How do you go from phenol to bromophenol?
Occurs through electrophilic substitution React with an aqueous solution of Br2 Also forms hydrogen halide
How do you go from phenol to a nitrophenol?
Phenol reacts with dilute HNO3 through electrophilic substitution
How do you go from an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?
Through an oxidation reaction with Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Reflux
How do you go from an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?
Through a reduction reaction with NaBH4 Warmed Aqueous solution Nucleophilic addition
How do you go from a ketone to a secondary alcohol?
Through a reduction reaction with NaBH4 Warmed Aqueous solution Nucleophilic addition
How do you go from an aldehyde to a nitrile?
React with sodium cyanide and H2SO4 Nucleophilic addition
How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an ester?
Through esterification React with an alcohol and warmed with sulfuric acid catalyst Also produces water
What happens when you acid hydrolysis an ester?
Produces a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
What happens when you alkaline hydrolysis an ester?
Produces a salt and an alcohol
How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?
React with SOCL2 which also produces the gases SO2 and HCL
How do you go from an acyl chloride to an ester?
React with an alcohol. Also produces HCL