4th gen chem

A physical or chemical change that occurs by itself. A process that takes place without energy from an external Source

A thermodynamic quantity that is a measure of how spread out or dispersed the energy of a system is among the different possible ways that system can contain energy

The absolute value of entropy of a substance

The absolute entropy of a substance at 1 atm and 25 °C

Energy available to do useful work. Used to express the spontaneity of a reaction more directly

The free energy change for reaction when it occurs under standard state conditions, when reactants in their standard states are converted into products in their standard states

A number equal to the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of the products to the equilibrium concentrations of reactants, each raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients

Properties that can be expressed as (final – initial) states

the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical

Properties that you cannot calculate by just knowing final and initial states but must know how process occurred are called

“If two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with some third body, then they are also in equilibrium with each other.” Thermal equilibrium means that when two bodies are brought into contact with each other and separated by a barrier that is permeable to heat, there will be no transfer of heat from one to the other.

Energy of the universe is constant. “Energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed.”

Entropy of universe increases. “The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process and remains unchanged in an equilibrium process.”

At absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal is 0. “The entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature (T = 0 K= -273.15 oC).”

is a physical or chemical change that occurs by itself. These processes occur without requiring an outside force and continue until equilibrium is reached

The planet’s temperature is measured at 1 K making it the coolest natural place currently known in the Universe.

between two thermodynamic systems allows heat transfer but does not allow transfer of matter across it.

between two thermodynamic systems does not allow heat or chemical substances to pass across it, in other words there is no heat transfer or mass transfer.