Mutations

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed (substitutions, deletions, insertions, frame shift mutations)

variations in the number and structure of chromosomes (non disjunction, translocation, deletion, inversion)

sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, huntington’s diseaase, PKU

mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide (worst mutation)(point mutation)

the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.

Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome. (chromosome mutation)

removes a chromosomal segment (chromosome mutation or point mutation)

Mutation in which a chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation(chromosome mutation)

A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide (point mutation)

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.(point mutation)