Lecture Quiz 3
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<p>Define nutrient</p>
<p>a substance that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair</p>
<p>What are the major nutrients?</p>
<p>carbohydrates, lipids, proteins</p>
<p>What are other nutrients?</p>
<p>vitamins and minerals | water</p>
<p>Define metabolism</p>
<p>all chemical reactions necessary to maintain life</p>
<p>What is an anabolic reaction?</p>
<p>synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones</p>
<p>What is a catabolic reaction?</p>
<p>hydrolysis of complex structures into simpler ones</p>
<p>What happens during cellular respiration? (vague)</p>
<p>food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP</p>
<p>What do enzymes do during cellular respiration?</p>
<p>shift the high energy phosphate groups of ATP to other molecules these phosphorylated molecules are activated to perform cellular functions</p>
<p>What are the three major stages of metabolism?</p>
<p>digestion anabolism oxidative breakdown occurs in the mitochondria</p>
<p>What happens during digestion?</p>
<p>breakdown of food | nutrients are transported to tissues</p>
<p>What happens during anabolism of metabolism?</p>
<p>nutrients are built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen | nutrients are broken down by catabolic pathways to pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA</p>
<p>What happens during oxidative breakdown of metabolism?</p>
<p>nutrients are catabolized to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP complete breakdown of foods</p>
<p>What catalyzes redox reactions?</p>
<p>enzymes | dehydrogenases</p>
<p>When does oxidation occur?</p>
<p>gain of oxygen | loss of hydrogen</p>
<p>What is a rule of thumb for redox reactions?</p>
<p>whenever one substance is oxidized, another substance is reduced</p>
<p>What are the energy shifts in redox reactions?</p>
<p>oxidized substances lose energy | reduced substances gain energy</p>
<p>What do coenzymes do in redox reactions?</p>
<p>act as hydrogen/electron acceptors</p>
<p>What are the two important coenzymes and what are they derived from?</p>
<p>nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - derived from B3 niacin Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - derived from B2</p>
<p>Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?</p>
<p>cytoplasm and mitochondria</p>
<p>What happens during substrate level phosphorylation?</p>
<p>high-energy phosphate groups are transferred directly from phosphorylated sunstrates to ADP ATP is synthesized in glycolysis and Krebs cycle</p>
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
only occurs in the mitochondria uses chemiosmotic process whereby the movement of substances across a membrane is coupled to chemical reactions
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
carried out by electron transport proteins in the cristae of the mitochondria
Give a brief overview of oxidative phosphorylation
nutrient energy is used to pump H+ into intermembrane space steep diffusion gradient results H+ ions flow back across membrane through ATP synthase energy is captured and added to ADP
Where do the bile duct and main pancreatic duct join the duodenum?
hepatopancreatic ampulla