Chapter 1
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What are the states of matter?
solids liquids gases
solids
• there are strong forces of attraction between particles • particles don’t move so all solids keep a definite shape • particles vibrate about their position
liquids
• weak forces of attraction between particles • particles move freely but stick closely together • don’t keep a definite shape
gases
• very weak forces of attraction between particles • particles move freely and are far apart • don’t keep a definite shape or volume
solid ~> liquid
melting
liquid ~> gas
evaporating
gas ~> liquid
condensating
liquid ~> solid
freezing
solid ~> gas
subliming
Diffusion
the gradual movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
solution
is a mixture of a solute and a solvent that does not separate out
solute
the substance being dissolved solute - solid
solvent
the liquid it’s dissolving into
saturated solution
a solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved; so no more solute will be dissolved in the solvent
protons
-heavy -positively charged
neutrons
• heavy • neutral
electrons
• have hardly any mass • negatively charged
nucleus
• middle of atom • contains protons and neutrons • positive charge • almost whole mass of atom is concentrated in nucleus
electrons
• move around the nucleus in shells • negatively charged • have no mass
how many electrons can the first 3 shells hold?
2, 8, 8
number of protons and nr of electrons…
is equal
if electrons are added or removed, the atom becomes charged and is then
an ION
atomic number
indicates how many protons there are
atoms of the same elemet all have the same number of…
protons