Chapter 6: Equilibrium
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What is a homogeneous mixture?
A mixture with uniform composition and properties throughout.
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture with non-uniform composition and varying properties.
What type of mixture is air?
Homogeneous mixture of gases.
How much oxygen does inhaled air typically contain?
About 20% by volume.
How much oxygen does exhaled air typically contain?
About 16% by volume.
What separation technique is used for homogeneous mixtures?
Fractional distillation.
What separation technique is used for heterogeneous mixtures?
Filtration.
What is a reversible reaction?
A reaction where products can reform reactants under certain conditions.
What is an equilibrium mixture?
A mixture where concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.
What happens to hydrated copper(II) sulfate when heated?
It loses water and becomes white
What is dynamic equilibrium?
A state where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
What condition is necessary for equilibrium?
A closed system.
What does the equilibrium constant (Kc) indicate?
How far a reaction proceeds in the forward direction at a given temperature.
Does Kc provide information about reaction speed?
No
What is the position of equilibrium?
The relative amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium.
What happens when equilibrium shifts to the right?
More products are formed.
What happens when equilibrium shifts to the left?
More reactants are formed.
What principle predicts equilibrium shifts when a system is disturbed?
Le Chatelier’s principle.
What happens when concentration of a reactant increases?
Equilibrium shifts to oppose the change
What happens in an open system during equilibrium?
The reaction may go to completion as products escape.
How does an increase in pressure affect equilibrium?
It favors the side with fewer gas molecules.
When does pressure affect equilibrium?
Only when gases are involved.
What happens to equilibrium in an exothermic reaction when temperature increases?
Shifts to the left (reverse reaction).
What happens to equilibrium in an endothermic reaction when temperature increases?
Shifts to the right (forward reaction).