Polymers
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When do addition polymers form?
When unsaturated monomors react The monomers have C=C
Give an example of an addition polymer:
Poly(alkenes)
What makes poly(alkenes) non-biodegradeable?
Because they are chemically inert due to the strong C-C and C-H bonds and the non-polar nature of the bonds. The non-polar bonds aren’t susceptible to attack from nucleophiles such as water so cannot be hydrolysed and thus are non-biodegradeable
What two linkages are involved in condensation polymers and what are the two most common types of condensation polymers?
Ester linkages and Amide linkages Polyesters and Polyamides
What happens in condensation polymerisation?
Two different monomers that add together and a small molecule is usually given off as a side product e.g. H2O or HCl
Give 2 equations to show the formation of a poly(ester)?
dicarboxylic acid + diol –> poly(ester) + water diacylchloride + diol –> poly(ester) + HCl
Give 2 equations to show the formation of a poly(amide)?
dicarboxylic acid + diamine –> poly(amide) + water diacyl chloride + diamine –> poly(amide) + HCl
How are condensation polymers formed? Give three ways:
Dicarboxylic acid + diamine Dicarboxylic acid + diol Amino acids
What is Kevlar?
A polyamide
What two molecules is Kevlar made from?
benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid & 1,4-diaminobenzene
What is nylon 6,6?
A polyamide
What two molecules form Nylon 6,6?
Hexanedioic acid & 1,6-diaminohexane
What are the three types of condensation polymer?
Polyamide, polyester, polypeptide
Give two examples of polyamides?
Kevlar + Nylon 6,6
What two molecules are needed to make a polyamide?
Dicarboxylic acid, diamine
Dicarboxylic acid + diamine –>
polyamide + 2nH20
Where do the two molecules of water come from during the formation of a polyamide?
In order to form the repeating unit, one molecule is lost so the amide linkage can form and the other molecule is lost so that the repeating unit can join to other repeating units.
What is kevlar used in?
Bulletproof vest, sports equipment, car tyres
What is nylon 6,6 used in?
parachute fabric, ropes, clothing, carpets
Give an example of a polyester?
Terylene
What is terylene used in?
Plastic drinks bottles, sheeting and clothes
What is the acronym of terylene?
PET
What is terylene made from?
benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol
Why are condensation polymers stronger than addition polymers?
Because of the polar C-N and C=O bonds, hydrogen bonds exist between the polymer chains, as well as dipole-dipole and VDW forces.