Lecture 7
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What is the different between the aldehyde and ketones structure?
Aldehyde: C attached to R,H, =O Ketone: C attached to R, R’ and =O
What is the difference between D glucose and D fructose?
Glucose has an aldehyde Fructose has a ketone
What is a furanose and pyranose?
Furanose is a 5 ring structure Pyranose is a 6 ring structure
What is the difference between alpha and beta configuration of sugars?
Beta the OH group is pointing up Alpha OH groups point down
What is the bond linkage between 2 glucose molecules?
alpha 1, 4 linkagee
What is the function of sugars?
Sweetness Mouth Feel Preservation and humectants Fermentable Caramelization Maillard Browning Crystallization
What is the order of sweetness of the sugars?
Fructose, Sucrose, Glucose, Maltose, Lactose
How can sugars contribute to mouth feel?
Dietetic Jello (Brittle) Regular Jello (Rubbery)
How does sugar affect preservation to humectants?
↓ aw ↓Microorganisms ↓ Chemical Reactions ↑ Stability
What is the fermentation of sugar used in?
Bread Making: Sugar CO2 Pickles and Sausages: Sugar Acid Wine and Beer: Sugar Alcohol
What is caramelization?
Direct Heating of Sugars Used as colourants and flavourants Cola Drinks
What is the Maillard browning?
Amino Acids + Reducing Sugars Potato Chips, Roasted Meat, Bread Crust, Roasted Nuts
What is crystallization of sugar?
Sugar Cane Juice and evaporation leads to Concentration and when cooled leads to Crystallized Sugar
Sugar is hygroscopic, what does that mean?
Sugar has the ability to absorb moisture
What is the hydrolysis of sugar?
Breakdown of a disaccharide leads to an inverted sugar
What are the characteristics of inverted sugar?
Sweetness? ↑ Water Retention? ↑ Crystallization? ↓
What are the advantages of invertase?
Mild Conditions & Specificity
What are examples of inverted sugars?
Honey, Candies Cherry Liquer Chocolate
What sugar has the same sweetness of sucrose?
Xylitol
What are alditols?
Sugar alcohol • non carcinogenic/nutritive • used in Candy for Diabetics, Chewing Gums, Hard Candies
What is cellulose?
the most abundant carb, a whole bunch of glucoses attached to each other via beta 1-4 -also the structural based of plants
what is starch?
polysaccharide is either straight or branched
What are the 2 kinds of starch and how are they linked?
Amylose : α (1-4) Amylopectin: α (1-4) and α (1-6)
What re the functions of starch?
Thickening Agent • Absorb H2O • Swelling of Starch Granules