UNIT 2 KA8
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Which two hormones does the pancreas release
Insulin and glucagon
Which body part do insulin and glucagon act on
They act on the liver once released from the pancreas
What is the affect of chronically High blood glucose levels on the endothelium
Chronically high blood glucose levels lead to the endothelium cells of the blood vessels taking in more glucose than normal, damaging them
What happens as a result of the endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal
As a result atherosclerosis may develop, leading to cardiovascular disease, stroke or peripheral vascular disease
Effect of elevated blood glucose in the eye
Damage to small blood vessels In the eye may result in a haemorrhage in the retina.
Effect of elevated blood glucose on the kidney
In the kidneys it can lead to renal failure.
Effect of elevated blood glucose on rest of body
In other parts of the body peripheral nerve dysfunction can be the result
What are body cells continuously doing
Body cells are continuously respiring, using glucose to produce energy
What are cells constantly removing from the bloodstream
This means that cells are constantly removing glucose from the bloodstream
What should happen to excess glucose
The body only takes in glucose when we eat a meal so excess glucose must be stored and released into the bloodstream when required
How is glucose stored in the liver
Glucose is stored in the liver as insoluble glycogen
What happens when blood glucose concentration falls
When blood glucose concentration falls, an enzyme in the liver converts glycogen to glucose which is released into the bloodstream
What happens when blood glucose concentration rises
When blood glucose concentration rises, another enzyme in the liver converts blood glucose into stored glycogen,so lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood
Which value does the homeostatic mechanism keep the blood glucose around
This homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose concentration around 5millimoles per litre of blood plasma - 5mmol/l.
How do pancreatic receptors respond to raised blood glucose levels
Pancreatic receptors respond to raised blood glucose levels by increasing secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin activated the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver decreasing blood glucose concentration.
How do pancreatic receptors respond to lowered blood glucose levels
Pancreatic receptors respond to lowered blood glucose levels by increasing secretion of glucagon from the pancreas. Glucagon activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver increasing blood concentration
How are glucose levels in the blood raised during exercise and flight or fight
During exercise and fight or flight responses, glucose concentrations in the blood are raised by adrenaline
Where is adrenaline released from
Adrenaline released from the adrenal glands
How does adrenaline raise concentrations of blood glucose
By stimulating glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion
What are people who suffer from diabetes unable to control
People who suffer from diabetes are unable to control their blood glucose level.
What happens to people with diabetes after a meal
This means that after a meal, their blood glucose level rises rapidly and their kidneys cannot cope
How do people loose glucose with diabetes
This results in glucose being lost in the urine
What can be used as an indicator for diabetes
Testing urine for presence of glucose is often used as an indicator of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood. A person with type 1 diabetes is unable to produce insulin and can be treated with regular doses of insulin