Chemistry paper 1
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Definition of a compound
Two or more elements which are chemically combined in fixed proportions.
Describe Thomson model of the atom.
A positive charge with a spherical shape with embedded electrons.The plum pudding model.
Describe John Dalton’s theory of the atom.
Solid spheres different spheres made different elements.
what did Ernest Rutherford and Ernest Marsden do to prove the PPM wrong?
Fire alpha particles at a sheet of gold.Some were deflected instead of all of them passing straight through.
Describe Ernest Rutherford theory of the atom.
Tiny positive charge (where most of the mass is concentrated) at the centre surrounded by electrons(Mostly empty space).The nuclear model.
What did Neils bhor suggest to the Nuclear model of the atom and why?
Electrons orbit in fixed positions (shells) Because if they weren’t they would be attracted to the nucleus and collapse.
who discovered the existence of neutral particles.
James Chadwick
List three properties for G1 elements.
• One outer electron • Low boiling and melting point decrease as you go down the group • Become more reactive down the group
what are the G! elements known as?
Alkali metals
What is formed with a G1 element and water?
Alkali metal + water -> Metal hydroxide + hydrogen.
What is formed when G1 elements react with non-metals?
Ionic compounds
What are G7 elements known as ?
Halogens
What do the atoms in the halogens consist of?
Molecules
What happens to the reactivity of G7 elements and why?
Reactivity decreases as you go down because harder to gain electrons when further from the nucleus.
What do Halogens form when reacting with metals?
Ionic salts
what are group 0 elements known as ?
Noble gases
What is the reactivity of G0 elements?why?
Very unreactive because they have a full outer shell of electrons.
What does the change of state depend on?
Amount of energy needed to overcome forces of attraction between particles
What type of attraction does an ionic bond have
electrostatic between negative and positive ions
Define delocalised.
Electrons are not bound to one atom
What type of attraction does a metallic bond have?
Electrostatic forces between positive ions and electrons
List properties of a metal
High melting and boiling. Good conductors. Ductile. Malleable.
what happens as simple molecular forces get bigger and why?
Bp and Mp incr. molecules get bigger so more inter molecular forces so more energy needed to break the bonds.
Describe structure of diamond
Carbon atoms form four strong covalent bonds. Rigid giant covalent structure.(very hard)