PL

• carboxylate group -COOH • named using -oic acid, or -dioc acid when two functional groups are present • can react with water to form a hydroxonium ion so acidic

• they are strong enough acids to react with strong bases • react with carbonates to form water and CO2 • form salts with metals in redox reactions

• formed when alcohol and carboxylic acid react • slow unless sped up by an acid catalyst (conc. sulfuric acid) under reflux • reaction is known as a condensation reaction with an ester link being formed - known as ESTERIFICATION • the reaction is reversible and with reach equilibrium - reverse reazction called ester hydrolysis • have a strong sweet smell • god solvents for organic compounds • named using - oate with alcohol first then acid • making an ester from phenols is harder so a more vigourous reactant is needed (\acid anhydride)

Require monomers with C=C . Give only a longer polymer

• monomers must have at least two suitable functions group per molecule • will react together to give a longer chain polymer and a small stable molecule

The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water

Whether conditions are acidic or alkaline - ester hydrolysis

• resemble ammonia ions where alkyl groups (aliphatic or aromatic) replace a hydrogen • there can be primary secondary and tertiary amines • if group is at the end of a group then named using - amine. If inside the chain then n-amino- is used • diamonds refer to molecule with Teo groups • have a strong fish smell • can form hydrogen bonds with water due to the lone pair- soluble • lone pair allow dative covalent bonds to be made • amines act as a base / H+ acceptor- making alkaline solutions • can react with acids to form H3O+ - acid

• derivatives of carboxylic acids- replace -OH with -NH2 • carboxylic acids don’t react with amine so acyl chlorides are used- will react to form a secondary amide

• from diamines and dicarboxylic acids a polymer chain is made with groups linked by amide groups • condensation polymerisation • know as NYLONS -named according to number of carbons in diamine then dicarboxyic acid. E.g. nylon 6,10 • a monomers with and amine group at one end and a carboxylic group on the other can form a polyamides on its own

• reactive forms of carboxylic acids • -OH group replace by -Cl • used in condensation reactions and forms HCl

• by heating halogenoalkanes with excess ammonia to produce a primary amine. This is nucleophilic yo can react to form a secondary amine • can a;so be made into he reduction of a nitrile -LiAlH4 and dilute acid-expensive -catalytic hydrogenation- hydrogen gas, meal catalyst, high temp and pressure • for a romantic amines, nitrobenzene can be reduced using tin, conc HCl and heated under reflux to form ionic salt. Ionic salt has NaOH added

• very weak acids • con lose the H+ as the phenoxide ion is stabilised to some extent • insoluble in water • with react with NaOH solution to give sodium phenoxide • wont produce CO2 with sodium (hydro)carbonate • with reactive metals, phenols react slowly

water and esters react very slowly so acid is needed as a catalyst - excess water will shfit the equilibrium position, increasing product yield - forms a carbozylic acid and alcohol (opposite of esterification)

a carboxylate salt ion is formed instead CnHnCOO- as well as an alcohol - will go to completion

• amide is gently heated with moderately conc acid • for primary - acid will also form a cation with the ammonia • for secondary- an amine salt is formed

occurs when amide is heated with moderately conc alkali - for secondary a carboxylate ion and amine may be formed

• contain a amine group, -COOH group, hydrogen and residual group all b9onded to a central carbon -the are around 20 types • ** bifunctional compounds** - show properties of othe the amine and the -COOH • functional groupos may interact to form zwitterions - act as buffers • they are AMPHOTERIC - will react will both acids and bases • very soluble

contain both positively charged and negatively charged groups - make amino acid effectivly ionic - will act as a buiffer to SMALL quantities pf acid of alkali

the pH value at which an amino acid is a zwitterion

• molecules that have 4 different groups arounf a chiral centre • the will be non-superimposible mirror images

the two forms of a molecule that displays optical isomerism - will behave identically in reactions - can behave differently with different chiral molecules

molecules that are non-superimposible on their mirror images

• consist of a leats 4r0 amino acid residues joined by a peptide link • a peptide link can be hysdrolysed via heating with a moderately conc. acid or alkali- products can be compared using paper hydrolysis