8. Notes and revision
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Fertility rate
Fertility rate is the number of births per thousand women of child- bearing age
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per thousand individuals in a population per year.
Crude death rate (CDR)
• Crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per thousand individuals in a population per year.
Natural increase rate (NIR)
Natural increase rate (NIR) is the rate of human growth expressed as a percentage change per year
Natural increase rate calculate
Natural increase rate = (Crude birth rate - crude death rate) / 10 (migration is ignored)
Doubling time (DT)
• Doubling time (DT) is the time in years that it takes for a population to double in size.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children each woman has over her lifetime.
Measures of total human population change are and definitions:
Measures of total human population change are: • Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per thousand individuals in a population per year. • Crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per thousand individuals in a population per year. • Natural increase rate (NIR) is the rate of human growth expressed as a percentage change per year. Natural increase rate = (Crude birth rate - crude death rate) / 10 (migration is ignored) • Doubling time (DT) is the time in years that it takes for a population to double in size. • The doubling time for a population is 70 / NIR. Another way to measure births is the: * Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children each woman has over her lifetime.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of the ‘well-being’ of a country.
Comparison of MEDCs and LEDCs
• triangle • bigger triangle • semi circle • oval
Demography
Demography is the study of the statistical characteristics of human populations, eg total size, age and sex composition and changes over time with variations in birth and death rates.
Malthusian theory
Malthusian believed that the human population was a j curve and soon population growth will strip food supply when its past carrying capacity needing a reduce in population size. wrote an essay predicting fate of humanity
Boserup’s theory
she believed that even past carrying capacity humans would find a way of getting food and there was no need to reduce the population
Why do people have large families?
Security in old age Unavailability of contraceptives Children are an economic asset
How to control population growth
Education on famlily planing Provides Contraceptives Build infrastructure like schols for women
demographic transition model (DTM)
The demographic transition model (DTM) is the pattern of decline in mortality and fertility of a developing country.
Natural capital
Natural capital is a resource with economic value to humans.
Natural income
Natural income is the yield from natural capital.
Renewable natural capital
Renewable natural capital can be replaced as fast as it is being used.
Solid domestic waste (SDW)
Solid domestic waste (SDW) is trash, garbage, rubbish from residential and urban areas.
Type of sDW
Type of sDW Biodegradable eg Food waste, paper, green waste electronic
Landfill
Landfill is when waste is taken to a site and buried there.
Management strategies of sdw
3R’s reuse reduce recycle Separate waste to different types Reclaim landfills
Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of a species or ‘load’ that can be sustainably supported by a given area.