B1.1 Carbohydrates - Pre-IB Biology Work
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What elements are carbohydrates composed of?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).
How do monosaccharides typically appear structurally?
As ring structures formed when a hydroxyl group (–OH) reacts with a carbonyl group (=O), creating a cyclic structure with an oxygen bridge.
What does the term “carbohydrate” mean?
“Carbo” refers to carbon, and “hydrate” refers to water (hydrogen and oxygen).
What are monosaccharides?
Single sugar units and the monomers of carbohydrates.
What causes monosaccharide ring formation?
A –OH group links to a =O group on opposite ends of the chain, forming a ring connected by an oxygen atom.
What are pentose sugars?
Monosaccharides with 5 carbon atoms.
Give two examples of pentose sugars and where they are found.
• Ribose – found in RNA nucleotides and ATP. • Deoxyribose – a modified form of ribose (one oxygen removed), found in DNA nucleotides.
What are hexose sugars?
Monosaccharides with 6 carbon atoms.
What is glucose and why is it important?
Glucose is a major energy source for the cell; it is digested via cellular respiration to produce ATP.
What is the primary function of monosaccharides?
To serve as a source of energy for the cell.
What are the two isomers of glucose, and how do they differ?
⍺-D-glucose: –OH group is on the bottom of carbon 1 ß-D-glucose: –OH group is on the top of carbon 1
How are monosaccharides used for energy?
They are oxidized in cellular respiration to produce ATP.
Why is glucose ideal as an energy source?
Solubility Stability Transport Potential Energy ATP Yield
What is a condensation reaction?
A reaction that links monomers by removing a molecule of water (H₂O).
What does condensation form in carbohydrates?
Disaccharides (2 monosaccharides) Polysaccharides (many monosaccharides) Bond: Glycosidic linkage
What are the bond types and components in sugar polymers?
Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides, glycosidic linkage Polysaccharide: Many monosaccharides, glycosidic linkages
What are all glucose-based polysaccharides made of?
Glucose monomers (either ⍺- or ß- forms), joined by glycosidic bonds.
Describe the structure and function of cellulose.
Monomer: ß-glucose Bonding: 1’–4’ linkages Structure: Straight and rigid Function: Structural component of plant cell walls
What is starch made of and what forms does it take?
Made of ⍺-glucose Two forms: - Amylose: 1’–4’ bonds, helical structure - Amylopectin: 1’–4’ and 1’–6’ bonds, branched structure
What is glycogen and its structure?
Made of ⍺-glucose Highly branched with more frequent 1’–6’ linkages Function: Energy storage in animals (liver and muscles)
What is the structure and function of amylose?
Monomer: ⍺-glucose Bonding: 1’–4’ glycosidic linkages only Structure: Helical (coiled) Function: Serves as an energy storage form in plants (part of starch).
What is the structure and function of amylopectin?
Monomer: ⍺-glucose Bonding: 1’–4’ and 1’–6’ glycosidic linkages Structure: Branched Function: Serves as an energy storage form in plants (part of starch).
What is the structure and function of glycogen?
Monomer: ⍺-glucose Bonding: 1’–4’ and more 1’–6’ glycosidic linkages Structure: Highly branched Function: Stores energy in animals (found in liver and muscles).
What are the characteristics of starch as an energy storage molecule?
Monomer: ⍺-glucose Bonding: 1’–4’ (amylose), 1’–6’ (amylopectin) Structure: Linear (amylose) or branched (amylopectin) Function: Energy storage in plants.