Chapter 10

The study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations and the causes and consequences of changes in these characteristics

An increase or decrease in the size of a population. It is equal to (births +immigration)- (deaths+emigration)

see crude birth rate

annual number of live birth per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

see crude death rate

annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

the time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. It can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70

Doubling time (in years) = 70/ (percentage growth rate)

the number of births that occur to an individual woman or in a population

number of children a couple must have to replace them. The average for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than 2 children per couple (2.1 in the U.S. and 2.5 in some developing countries) bc some children die before reaching their reproductive years

TFR Estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years (ages 15-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. In simpler terms, it is an estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years`

average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live

number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first bday

percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population

Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed in birth rates

First stage little population growth because of harsh living conditions lead to both a high birth rate and a high death rate

Second stage when industrialization begins, food production rises, and health care improves. Death rates drop and birth rates remain high, so the population grows rapidly

Third stage the birth rate drops and eventually approaches the death rate as industrialization, medical advances, and modernization becomes widespread. Pop. growth continues, but at a slower and perhaps a fluctuating rate, depending on economic conditions Most developed and developing countries are in this stage

Fourth stage the birth rate declines further, equaling the death rate and reaching zero population growth. Then the birth rate falls below the death rate and population size decreases

providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have

• their creativity of the government supported family planning program • a high literacy rate among women (90%) • an increased economic role for women and advances in women’s rights • better health care for mothers and children.

• The replacement-level fertility is the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves • The total fertility rate is the average number of children a women typically has during her reproductive years.

• importance of children as a part of the labor force • the cost of raising and educating children • the availability of private and public systems • urbanization • the educational and employment opportunities available for women • the infant mortality rate • the average age at marriage • the availability of legal abortions • the availability of reliable birth control methods • religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms

• life expectancy - infant mortality rate