Amines Quizlet
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What is a primary amine? (2)
• A primary amine has one carbon atom bonded to the nitrogen atom • Represented as RNH₂
Provide an example of a primary amine. (1)
CH₃NH₂
What is a secondary amine? (2)
• A secondary amine has two carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom • Represented as R₂NH
Provide an example of a secondary amine. (1)
CH₃CH₂NHCH₃
What is a tertiary amine? (2)
• A tertiary amine has three carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom • Represented as R₃N
Provide an example of a tertiary amine. (1)
(CH₃)₃N
What is a quaternary ammonium salt? (2)
• A quaternary ammonium salt has four carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom • Represented as R₄N⁺
Provide an example of a quaternary ammonium salt. (1)
(CH₃)₄N⁺
What property allows primary, secondary, and tertiary amines to act as bases? (1)
The nitrogen atom has a lone pair, which can accept a proton, allowing them to act as bases (Bronsted Lowry Base)
Why can tertiary amines act as nucleophiles? (1)
Tertiary amines can donate their lone pair of electrons to a δ+ carbon, acting as nucleophiles
Why do quaternary ammonium salts not react? (1)
Quaternary ammonium salts have no lone pair on the nitrogen atom, so they do not react
Why are short-chain amines soluble in water? (1)
Short-chain amines are soluble in water because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
What is the shape of an amine molecule and why? (2)
• Amines are pyramidal in shape • Due to three bonding pairs and one lone pair of electrons
What is the shape of quaternary ammonium salts? (1)
Quaternary ammonium salts are tetrahedral in shape.
Why do amines generally have lower boiling points than alcohols with the same carbon chain length? (2)
• Amines have weaker hydrogen bonds compared to alcohols • Resulting in lower boiling points
What are the two methods for preparation of aliphatic amines? (2)
• Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes (please see and memorise all the flashcards from 3.1.3 on amine reactions) • Reduction of a nitrile
What is the primary disadvantage of method 1 for producing aliphatic amines? (2)
• A mixture of amine products is formed due to the product also acting as a nucleophile • Resulting in a low yield of primary amine
Draw the basic structure of quaternary ammonium salts (3)
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What are amines used for in the manufacture of synthetic materials? (1)
Amines are used in the manufacture of nylon, dyes, and drugs
What are quaternary ammonium salts used for? (1)
Used as cationic surfactants in fabric softening and hair products
How do quaternary ammonium salts function in hair conditioners? (2)
• They attract to the negative charges on wet hair surfaces • Forming a coating that prevents static electricity and flyaway hair.
Why are quaternary ammonium salts effective as fabric softeners? (1)
They keep the fabric surface smooth by preventing the build-up of static electricity
What is the general equation for the reduction of a nitrile to an amine? (1)
RCN + 2H₂ → RCH₂NH₂
Which catalyst is used in the reduction of nitriles to amines? (1)
Nickel catalyst