fingerprints

unique, permeant,

a method developed by alphonse bertillion to identify repeat criminal by measuring body part with calipers

Fat ridges – may be two overlapping * Different amounts of pressure * Similar ridge characteristics close to each other – may be “double tap.” * “shadow ridges” in furrows – may mean two prints deposited

*Identification *Elimination *Inconclusive

held a five day daubter hearing, allowed fingerprint evidence to be admissible

a print that is completely or mostly visible to the naked eye

means “hidden or unseen” and is not visible, or barely visible, before it is processed. any friction ridge impressions whose source is unknown is a latent print

a print that has been impressed into a soft substance forming a three dimensional mold of the friction ridge detail

*Porous surfaces include paper products, cardboard, and untreated wood *Non-porous surfaces include metal, glass, and plastic *Some “semi-porous” surfaces exist; such as glossy paper products

optically - photograph physically - powders chemically - ninhydrin

Superglue may also be vaporized by placing a small amount of it on a cotton ball that has been treated with sodium hydroxide; lowering the pressure by use of a vacuum chamber; or sandwiching the superglue between two sheets of aluminum foil and then pulling the foil apart to expose the thin layer of superglue

the manner in which skin cells are replaced produces a persistent pattern

*First level detail is not unique *It is not limited to pattern type *It is the description of the general ridge flow in the print

*It is the path of the ridge, its endings and branching, as well as the sequence of detail and relative positions of these features *Second level detail requires the existence of first level detail