Chapter 3- Biological Molecules and Chapter 4- Enzymes

H2O is a polar molecule different molecules of water interact between positive and negative ends

C,H,O

C,H,O

C,H,O,N,S

C,H,O,N,P

Glucose is a monosaccharide, composed of six carbons and therefore a hexose monosaccharide, when forming a polymer creates a polysaccharide

Hydroxyl group on same side

Hydroxyl group above not below on 1st carbon

Polar and soluble in water

Forms maltose and water Maltose contains a 1,4 glycosidic bond

Fructose and galactose

Fructose + glucose

Galactose + glucose

Ribose sugar Deoxyribose sugar

Hexose contains 6 carbons Pentose contains 5 carbons

Formed by many alpha glucose molecules One of the polysaccharides in starch is called amylose. Amylose is formed by alpha glucose molecules joined together only be 1,4 glycosidic bonds. The angle of the bond means that this long chain of glucose twists to form a helix which is further stabilises by hydrogen bonding. This makes the polysaccharide more compact , and much less soluble

When 1,6 glycosidic binds form , this starch is known as amylopectin

Insoluble, Branched, and compact

Addition of water molecules Converts starch to glucose

Beta glucose molecules , alternate beta glucose molecule turned upside down. Unable to coil or branch Cellulose make hydrogen bonds with each other forming microfibrils, there microfibrils combine to produce fibres. These fibres are strong and are used to make cell walls.

Insoluble, Branched and compact. These properties mean it is ideally suited to the storage roles that they carry out

One glycerol molecule Three fatty acids

Phosphate group Two fatty acids Glycerol molecule The phosphate ions have extra electrons so are negatively charged making them soluble in water.

Membrane formation Hormone production Electrical insulation Waterproofing