Week 6

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

an undifferentiated population in transition between SCs and differentiated cells

detects metabolically active regions including tumours but also normal kidneys

radiation that has enough energy to break an electron away from an atom

• Survive • Grow and Divide • Differentiate • Die regulated by chemical signalling

Cell death by pathogens, poisons, damage, hypoxia (insufficient oxygen), starvation (lack of glucose and other nutrients), boiling, dehydration

one of the mitochondrial proteins that is released into the cytosol when the cell is activated by an apoptotic stimulus.

stop ATP synthesis - this stops cell metabolism • initiates destruction of cell proteins

excessive uv exposure damages dna in basal cells and TACs - if dna cannot be repaired, cells stop dividing and die by apoptosis … dead cells detach

x-ray, pet

ultrasound, mri

sense, report, stop and initiate molecules interacting with molecules

chromosomes not attached or not aligned

a small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division (mitosis).

“Mito” mitosis; “gen” agent or substance similar to “carcinogen”, a cancer-causing substance.

epidermal growth factor

results in greater risk of gene mutations and therefore cancer, because they have more stem cells dividing more often than in adults (due to baby growth and development)

stimulates cell division (named for a cancer in birds in which this gene and its protein were found to be mutated)

EGF-R shape This shape change enables EGF-R to bind and activate other proteins (not shown)

its function changes

named for Rat sarcoma where this protein and its gene were discovered to be mutated

a mitogen-activated protein kinase; “-ase” indicates a protein with enzymatic activity

cancer promoting

30% of all human cancers (Ras gene mutations promote tumor growth) • Mutant Ras protein stimulates cell growth and division even when there is no external EGF binding to EGF-R