Chapter 2

a form of colonialism that seeks to remove Native peoples from land and replace them with a new settler population (unauthorized taking of the land)

America’s first written constitution; served as the basis for America’s national government until 1789 -The colonists established a weak central government, reflecting their fear that a strong government would infringe upon individual liberty.

a system of government in which states retain sovereign authority except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government

a framework for the Constitution that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state

a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses

a framework for the Constitution that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population

a legislative assembly having only one chamber or house

the agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that gave each state an equal number of senators regardless of its population but linked representation in the House of Representatives to population

the agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that stipulated that for purposes of apportioning congressional seats only three-fifths of enslaved people would be counted

the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791; they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people

the division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision-making

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)

the concluding paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution (also known as the “necessary and proper clause”), which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its enumerated powers

the power of the courts to review actions of the legislative and executive branches and, if necessary, declare them invalid or unconstitutional

Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision

a change added to a bill, law, or constitution; the process of making such change through constitutional procedure

mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches ex:) -presidential veto power over congressional legislation -Senate’s power to approve presidential appointments -the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review of congressional enactments

-favored a strong national government -federal control over economy -clear property rights -governments by elites -supported the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787

-those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government -clearly articulated rights (not just property) -Government by leaders with the economic interests of the people -were opponents of the Constitution proposed at the American Constitutional Convention of 1787

a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay a collection of 85 articles and essays supporting ratification of the Constitution

oppressive government that employs cruel and unjust use of power and authority

a principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution

What were some of the major points of disagreement between Federalist and Antifederalists during ratification of the Constitution?