Neurological Infections
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Types of Neurons
Sensory: send signals from sensors in periphery to CNS Motor: send signals from CNS to periphery
Vaccination efforts against bacterial meningitis
vaccines against the 3 major bacterial pathogens have reduced rates of the deadly disease
Bacterial Meningitis – Neonatal meningitis (age; source; pathogen causes)
< 1 week old source can be bacteria in mother’s vaginal secretions common: E. coli, grp B. Streptococcus (agalactiae)
Encephalitis
= inflammation of brain - cognitive, sensory, & motor function problems - primary: microbe directly infects brain - secondary: microbe spreads from an infection of meninges to the brain tissue
Bacterial Neurotoxins that cause Paralysis – Botulism (Genus & species, oxygen req., transmission)
Clostridium botulinum - obligate anaerobe - foodborne pathogen - canned foods & honey (spores being in soil)
Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
CNS PNS Sensory & Motor neurons
CNS infectious diseases Overview (how pathogens are acquired)
pathogens invade other tissues, travel to CNS - bone, eyes, sinus, ears A few directly infect CNS from blood
Poliomyelitis vaccine efforts
• come close to eradicating the disease 1. Salk vaccine (IPV) 2. Sabin vaccine (Oral-live)
Meningitis (definition & symptoms)
= inflammation of the meninges - causes severe headache, fever & confusion
Listeriosis infection during pregnancy
Leads to fetal infection & death
Bacterial meningitis – Listeriosis (Genus, -borne, symptoms, complications, at-risk)
Listeria monocytogenes - foodborne pathogen - diarrhea & fever - complications: meningitis & brain abcess, occur in pregnant women & immunocompromised
Fungal Infections of the CNS – Candida meningitis (prevalence, complications, treatment)
most common fungal infection - brain abcsesses & meningitis Treatment: fluconazole
Toxoplasmosis treatments
Pyrimethamine & Sulfadiazine
Protozoal diseases – Toxoplasmosis (type, transmission, symptoms, at-risk)
• parasitic protozoan • CATS • asymptomatic • confusion, fever, headache, retinal inflammation, seizures • at risk fetus of pregnant patients
Meningoencephalitis
= simultaneous inflammation of the meninges & the brain
Poliomyelitis (level of contagion, transmission, symptoms)
• very contagious • enterovirus (ingested) • transmitted by fecal-oral route or directly from person to person • most infected patients remain asymptomatic
Bacterial meningitis – Meningococcal meningitis (Genus, gram type, transmission, invasion)
Neisseria meningitidis - Gram - diplococcus - spreads directly p2p contact or contact with contaminated fomites - uses specialized pili to adhere to and invade
What is the most common host of toxoplasmosis?
Cats
Bacterial Neurotoxins that cause Paralysis – Tetanus (Genus, leads to, toxin, inhbitis)
Clostridium tetani - intense muscle contraction - Tetanospasmin toxin (similar to botulinum toxin) contrast, causes excessive nerve signaling to muscles to contract* - Inhibits GABA
Meninges
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
Protozoal Diseases – Naegleria meningoencephalitis
• amoeba (protooal) • Naegleria fowleri • acute & lethal CNS infection • freshwater & lakes (rare), recreational water use can put people at risk • “Brain-eating amoeba” *usually fatal
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) Treatment:
None
Viral infections (prevalence; how is it treated)
Most common pathogen of CNS - supportive treatment to reduce inflammation
Peripheral Nervous System
• collects & transmits data from body • Spinal nerves & neurons