2.2 ventilatory system

erythrocytes (RB cells) are 45% leukocytes (WB cells) and thrombocytes (platlets) are 1% plasma is 55%

carries the oxyhemoglobin and transports gases and nutrient around the body

protects the body from infections and diseases

protect the body from bleeding out, when blood vessel is damaged signals will be sent to clot the area

the pulmonary circulation starts at the right atrium with deoxygenated blood, that blood then travels through to the pulmonary artery to then get oxygenated at the lungs. This oxygenated blood then comes back in through the pulmonary vein and the blood travels to the left atrium where the pulmonary circulation stops and the systemic circulatory system starts. The oxygenated blood goes up through the aorta to the rest of the bodys muscles and organs to transfer the blood then comes back in through the vena cava to the right atrium where the pulmonary circulation starts again.

the SA node is located in the right atrium and is responsible for both atriums contracting at the same time. the SA node sends an impulse to the AV node which is located in the centre of the heart, its impulse then gets sent to the ventricles through the bundle of his which then travels to the purkinje fibres which allow the ventricle walls to contract. exercise or adrenaline (which gets released by the adrenal medula) increases the impulse rate which increases the heart rate, pumping more blood out the heart

there are two systems: sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. sympathetic nervous system prepares you to fight or flight which includes release of adrenaline. the bronchi dilate to allow more air to come in. the digestive system blood flow is restricted allowing it go to the heart and muscles. parasympathetic nervous system causes you to rest and digest which includes the release of acetylcholine decreases the heart rate. the bronchi constricts which allows less air to come in. The digestive system blood flow is promoted. adrenaline also impacts the glucose production which impacts digestion

the short term no change, only during or right after exercise, heart rate will increase the long term is the effect that comes after consistent training for over a month. the Q is said to slightly increase. your heart rate will decrease because your heart gets stronger this means that the stroke volume will increase as more blood can be pumped out because each pump is stronger. the heart rate will decrease because theres less pressure on it to pump a certain amount of blood because that demand is being made.

the stroke volume x the heart rate. the amount of blood that leaves the heart per minute

the amount of blood ejected out the aorta with each heart beat

the amount of times your heart beats per minute

trained athlete will have a stronger heart so LOWER HR AND HIGHER SV

on average males are bigger than females so their heart would be bigger too this means higher SV and lower HR. cardiac output would also be higher because males are bigger

when resting… young has lower resting heart rate old has higher resting heart rate when exercising… young increases much more than older person this gives them a smaller range for exercise so intensity cant get as high. the stroke volume for younger person is stronger because heart is stronger. the cardiac output for younger person will be higher than older person

means to ‘contract and spill’ the force exerted on the wall of the artery as blood is ejected from the ventricles

means to ‘relax and fill’ the force exerted on the artery walls as the blood fills the ventricles

the amount of force applied onto the arterial walls

systolic will inc and diastolic will stay the same or decrease

muscles contract and relax like a run, press up

a plank or weights

they both increase cardiac output (HR and SV) but with dynamic more muscles are worked. the blood vessels of these muscles dilate, increasing the systolic blood pressure and reducing the diastolic blood pressure. less muscle groups are required for static exercise, yet there is still an inc in Q, therefore an inc in blood flow for the non recruited muscles occurs because they’re in a less constrictive state.

at rest: digestive organs — 25% heart — 5% muscles — 20% brain — 15% kidneys — 20% skin — 5% bones — 5% during exercise: muscles — 85% CLEAR INCREASE but there is a difference between percentage and actual litres of blood because in some cases like brain, skin and bones the blood stays the same because when exercising instead of just 5 litres travelling around the body theres 25 litres.

the increase in strength of the heart. there will be an increase in left ventricular contraction force (it contracts faster and stronger) meaning there is an increased SV , this means that there will be a dec in resting heart rate and working HR.