Option B

“Those relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals which distinguish them from other people, making them unique but at the same time permit a comparison between individuals”. (Gross, 1992)

people observe behavior either directly through social interactions with others or indirectly by observing behaviors through media

demonstration- Attention- Retention- Motor Reproduction- Motivation - matching performance

Observe- identify - reinforce - copy

-Attention: learn through observation, you have respect and admiration for the model -Retention: for modelling to be effective you must retain the observed skills in your memory - Motor reproduction: you must be physically perform the task you are observing. you need time to practice skill and see how it is performed - Motivational response: Unless you are motivated you will not go through the first three stages. Motivation is dependant on reinforcement (feedback, praise, sense of achievement)

personalities are developed through a constant interaction between the persona and their environment Behaviour = Function of personality x Enviroment B= F (P X E)

“people are born with established personality characteristics”

• Biases -Self-reported data may include error due to denial and wanting to be evaluated in a favourable light. • Data collection - qualitative therfore Interviews, questionnaires and observing behaviour are more difficult to analyse • Ethical issues - Informed consent, confidentiality, use of results and predicting personality can also be problematic. • Validity and reliability issues

1.athletes versus non-athletes: may discourage non-sportspeople from attempting sports that don’t ‘fit’ their personality 2.personality and sport type: if a personality is assigned to a sport, those not demonstrating will be less likely to take up the sport as they do not think that they suit the stereotype of the sport. 3.predicting performance: implications of predicting performance, rather than it be a natural progression and taking into consideration environmental factors

“the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour”

-comes from within (internal factor) -pride and satisfaction of having a good game -can come from a need, a desire to learn to swim to survive

-comes from an outside source (external factor) -intangible - raise from coaches -tangible - winning a trophy

Intrinsic -Player may lose interest -difficult to maintain levels of interest Extrinsic -only want to play for material rewards decreases intrinsic motivation -want to win, less focus is put on personal improvement -more likely to avoid difficult competitions

“An individual’s drive to achieve success for its own sake”

refers to how people evaluate/judge their competence and define successful accomplishments. It refers to personal interpretations they have about what achievement means to them within a specific task.

NACH- welcomes challenges and competition (need to achieve) example: will be willing to take on tough competitors NAF- avoid competitive situations (need to avoid failure) example: will volunteer others as they will be too nervous

measure their success based on beating others and being the best (Extrinsic motivation)

measure their success against themselves, how well they complete a task (personal bests) (Intrinsic motivation)

Suggests that one of the differences between high & low achievers is the way in which each group develops attribution about success and failure

Internal is when you believe the outcome is a response of your ability or effort. External is when you believe the outcome is a response of task difficulty or luck.

Is whether you believe the outcome is with stable (same outcome will occur every time) or unstable (outcome will vary) example: if you win against your opponent six times , likely to think you are gonna win against your opponet

Is whether you believe the outcome is controllable (by yourself) or uncontrollable (not by yourself)

psychological state that makes people give up very easily if a task seems difficult. (Failure is inevitable) - LH can be caused by lack of success, low confidence, bad luck - believe that success is due to luck and not repeatable

• reasons for successful performances are internal and attributed to oneself -reasons for failure are deflected and assigned to something out of one’s control (i.e, weather, injury)