Chapter 5
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What is an electron shell?
• A group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number (n) • It is also called an energy level
What is an orbital?
• A region around the nucleus that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins
List 4 types of orbitals.
• s • p • d • f
Describe s-orbitals.
• They are the shape of a sphere • Every shell has 1 s-orbital
Describe p-orbitals.
• They are the shape of a dumb-bell • Each shell from n=2 and onwards contains 3 p-orbitals
How many d-orbitals are there in each shell?
• From n=3 and onwards, there are 5 d-orbitals in each shell
How many f-orbitals are in each shell?
• Each shell from n=4 and onwards contains 7 f-orbitals
What is a sub-shell?
• A group of orbitals of the same type within a shell
How do sub-shells in the same shell compare in terms of energy?
• Each new sub-shell added has more energy than the previous one
How do the relative energy levels of the sub-shells of different shells compare?
• The sub-shells making up the first 4 shells generally stay in order from the s-orbital in n=1 having the least energy, and so on • However, the 3d sub-shell is at a higher energy level than the 4s sub-shell
How does the amount of energy each sub-shell has affect the order sub-shells are filled in?
• Sub-shells are filled in in order of ascending energy (so 1s first, and so on) • 4s is at a lower energy level than 3d, so it it is filled first
What do electrons-in-box models show?
• Electrons are represented by arrows that the either face up or down, which indicate its spin • The 2 electrons in the same box must have opposite spins
Why do 2 electrons in the same orbital have opposite spins?
• This helps to counteract their repulsion
How do orbitals fill, and why?
• All orbitals within a sub-shell have the same energy • 1 electron therefore occupies each orbital before they start to pair up (also prevents repulsion between paired electrons)
How do orbitals empty?
• The same way they fill; each orbital in a sub-shell loses one electron before both electrons are removed from one orbital
What order are sub-shells written in for electronic configuration?
• In order of shell order rather than filling order (so 3d is written before 4s)
How does the shorthand notation for electronic figurations work?
• You put the name of the previous noble gas in square brackets • You then write the rest of the electronic configuration (if it has the same configuration as a noble gas, use the noble gas before this)
Which sub-shells are affected when atoms lose or gain electrons?
• The one with the most energy • The 3d energy level falls below the 4s energy level when it is (even partially) filled • The 4s energy level therefore loses electrons (as well as filling) before the 3d energy level
How is the periodic table divided into blocks?
• The blocks correspond to the elements’ highest energy sub-shell
What are the different blocks in the periodic table?
• s-block is groups 1 and 2 • p-block is groups 3 to 0 • d-block is the centre block of 10 groups
What is ionic bonding? Required.
• The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions
What is an ionic lattice? Required.
• A repeating pattern of oppositely charged ions
Why do ionic bonds result in the creation of a giant ionic lattice?
• Each ion attracts oppositely charged ions in all directions
Describe the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds, and explain why they are like this.
• They have high melting and boiling points • This is because large amounts of energy are needed to overcome the strong electrostatic attraction between the ions