McCally

Water, food and milk sanitation, reduced crowding, improved nutrition, central heat with cleaner fuel

Population growth, habitat destruction (industrialization), resource depletion Increases in CO2, nitrogen, UV, chemicals

We are part of an ecosystem, our health is proportional to the health of the ecosystem Soil production, water cleansing, and pollination are done by ecosystem

Endocrine disruption and carcinogens

Potential threat to human life

How we assess, perceive, communicate and manage risk

Intensity and duration of contact with substance or physical agent

How much is absorbed from exposure Most important determinant of clinical disease

Exposure, dose absorbed, biological effect, clinical disease

1) Hazard identification 2) Exposure assessment 3) Dose-response assessment 4) Risk characterization

Identify health hazards, characterize properties, environmental/biological fates, ability to cause disease

Estimating from air, food, water, contact

Potential for disease by exposure/dose

Toxicity, routes of exposure, dose-dependent assessment as estimate of effect on population

1) Tolerance distribution model 2) Mechanistic model 3) Time to tumor model

Threshold varies among individuals

Use math to characterize transformation process

Difference in time between exposure and detection

1) stop further environmental degradation 2) assist developing nations with sustainable development 3) long-term education