Chemistry of the environment
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Define anhydrous
Substance contains no water
Cobalt(II) chloride colour when anhydrous
blue
Cobalt(II) chloride colour when hydrated
pink
Copper (II) sulfate colour when anhydrous
white
Copper (II) sulfate colour when hydrated
blue
Describe how using these melting and boiling points can determine whether water is pure [2]
1) impurities increase the boiling points of water (Boil above 100) 2) impurities decrease the melting point of water (Melt below 0)
List the process of water treatment [3]
1) Sedimentation/filtration 2) Filtration/Carbon treatment 3) Chlorination
Explain sedimentation and filtration [3]
1)Water in the tank stays for hours 2) Particles sinks to the bottom of the tank 3) Water is then filtered
Explain carbon treatment
Carbon removes taste and odour
Explain chlorination [2]
1) chlorine is used to kill bacteria 2) Only an appropriate amount is used to ensure it isn’t dangerous to consume
State the three elements found in NPK fertilisers.
Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus
What does Nitrogen do in NPK fertilisers
Makes chlorophyll and protein and promotes healthy leaves
What does Potassium do in NPK fertilisers
Potassium promotes growth and healthy fruit and flowers
What does Phosphorus do in NPK fertilisers
Phosphorus promotes healthy roots
What are the sources of these elements in NPK fertilisers?
1) Ammonium ions and nitrate ions are sources of soluble nitrogen. 2) Phosphate ions are a source of soluble phosphorus. 3) Potassium compounds dissolve in water to produce potassium ions
What is the 4 components of air
nitrogen, oxygen argon and other noble gases carbon dioxide
% of nitrogen in air
78
% of oxygen in air
21
% of argon and other noble gases in air
0.9
% of carbon dioxide in air
0.04
State how carbon dioxide, CO2 are released into the atmosphere and their adverse effects [2]
1) From combustion of carbon-containing fuels 2) Leads to global warming
State how carbon monoxide, CO are released into the atmosphere and their adverse effects [2]
1) From incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fossil fuels 2) Toxic and combines with haemoglobin which prevents it from carrying oxygen
State how particulates are released into the atmosphere and their adverse effects [2]
1) From incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fossil fuels 2) causes cancer and respiratory issues
state how methane, CH4 and waste gases are released into the atmosphere and their adverse effects [2]
1) From waste gases of agriculture 2) Causes global warming