Chronic Adaptations Part 1
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What is stroke volume?
The volume of oxygenated blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output (Q) = Heart Rate (HR) + Stroke Volume (SV)
What is an example of a chronic adaptation to exercise?
Cardiac hypertrophy
Why does a trained athlete’s arteriovenous oxygen difference increase?
Their muscles can extract more oxygen from blood during exercise
During exercise, how does an athlete’s arteriovenous oxygen difference change?
It can increase from its resting figure by 3-4 times
How many litres of total blood volume do males and females have?
Females have 4-5 litres, males have 5-6 litres
How much more blood does a trained endurance athlete have compared to an untrained person?
25% more blood
How is maximum heart rate calculated?
220 BPM - Age
Which energy systems does fartlek training use?
Mostly the aerobic system, but because of varying terrains and speeds, the anaerobic system also comes into play
Which energy systems does interval training use?
Both anaerobic and aerobic systems, because of the alternation of high intensity exercise and periods of rest
Which energy system does continuous training use?
Aerobic system because it consists of long periods of exercise
What is the stroke volume of elite endurance athletes during maximal exercise?
200 ml/ beat
What is the stroke volume of trained and untrained people at rest?
60-70 ml/beat
What is the stroke volume of an untrained person during maximal exercise?
100 ml/beat
What is the stroke volume of a trained athlete during maximal exercise?
125 ml/beat
How long do chronic adaptations to regular aerobic exercise take and when do they become more apparent?
8 weeks to take effect, 12 weeks to become more apparent
What is tidal volume?
A measure of the amount of air entering the lungs during normal breathing
What is lung ventilation?
The movement of air between the environment and lungs
Why does the surface area within the lungs increase with regular exercise?
Because there is production of more alveoli
What occurs at the alveoli?
Gaseous exchange within the lungs
What is the equation for lung ventilation?
Lung Ventilation = Tidal Volume x Respiration Rate
What does regular aerobic training do to the lungs?
Causes them to increase in size
What is lactate inflection point (LIP)?
The point where maximal lactate production in the body during exercise is balanced by maximum lactate removal