Module 4: Chapter 11&12 Organic Chemistry & Alkanes

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series e.g. CnH2n+2

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecules e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH3

Shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

Simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound - alkanes is the only family that doesn’t have a functional group

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

A compound containing a benzene ring

A molecule with single carbon to carbon bonds only

A molecule with multiple carbon-carbon bonds including double and triple carbon-carbon bonds and aromatic rings

compounds with the same molecular formula but with a different structural formulae

When a bond breaks and each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair to form 2 radicals

When a bond breaks and one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair to form ions

A species with an unpaired electron

• find the longest continuous carbon chain • identify any substituent group • number carbon atoms in longest chain to indicated position of any substituent groups (start numbering from the end that produces lowest set of numbers) • if same alkyl group appears more once indicated in name with di-, tri- and tetra- and use commas to separate numbers • names of different substituents are arranged alphabetically regardless of numbers

• all carbon compounds are covalent • each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds • carbon forms strong covalent bonds with itself to form rings and chains

only contain carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CxHy

Gives the number of different types of atom in the molecule

Gives the ratio of the different types of atom in the molecule

Chain, position and functional group

in compounds containing a functional group, the functional group can be at different positions along the carbon chain

molecules containing different functional groups have the same molecular formula

• hydrocarbons; they contain carbon and hydrogen only • they are saturated, only single carbon-carbon bonds • general formula of CnH2n+2