[Year 1] EL
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What are the relative atomic masses and charges of the components of the atom?
Relative Charge Proton: +1 Neutron: 0 Electron: -1 Relative Mass Proton: 1 Neutron: 1 Electron: 1/2000
Summarise the atomic model through time.
Dalton: Atoms are indivisible spheres. Thomson: Discovered electrons - Positive sphere with negative charge scattered within. [Plum Pudding] Rutherford: Discovered nucleus - Positive nucleus with a negative cloud which was mainly empty space. Bohr: Fixed energy shells around a positive nucleus Quantum: Subshells (s-, p-, d-, f-orbitals)
Sumarise the Geigar, Marsden and ruthurfod experiment.
• Fired alpha particles at thin gold foil. • Most went through. • Small number deflected back.
Sumarise Bohrs exeriment.
• Fired EM radiation. • Was absorbed by electrons and was excited. • When it returned to its shells, radiation was emitted.
How were elements made?
Fusion reactions (in stars).
What is Fusion?
The forcing together of 2 nuclei to make heavier nuclei and thus a new element.
What conditions do fusion reactions require and why?
Very high temperature and pressure, to overcome the repulsive force of fusing 2 positive nuclei together.
Show the fusion of Hydrogen to form Helium.
²₁H + ¹₁H → ³₂He Proton number defines elements.
where were heavier elements formed?
In larger stars (at even higher temperature and pressure)
How did elements from stars get to earth?
Supernovas (that created earth).
What are the different sub-shells? How many orbitals does it have?
S - has 1 orbital P - has 3 orbitals D - has 5 orbitals F - has 7 orbitals
How many electrons can each orbital hold?
2. Therfore, the… …S subshell holds 2 electrons. …P subshell holds 6 electrons. …D subshell holds 10 electrons. …F subshell holds 14 electrons.
What is a principal quantum number?
The shell number.
Relate the distance from the nucleus to the shell number’s energy?
• Higher shell number is further from the nucleus. - So it has a higher energy level.
What is the shape of the S orbital?
Spherical.
What is the shape of the P orbital?
Shaped likes dumbells. Px, Py, and Pz orbitals are 90⁰ from each other.
What is spin-pairing?
When 2 electrons occupy 1 orbital they ‘spin’ in opposite direction.
What does this electron configuration tell us? 1s²
1s² 1 : shell number. s : subshell. ²: number of electrons.
What is the electron configuration for Iron?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁶ 4s²
When filling electron configurations what rules must be followed?
• Fill from the lowest energy level upwards. • Fill orbitals singularly before pairing. • 4s fills before 3d • remove from 4s before 3d
Why do electrons fill orbitals singularly before pairing?
Electron repulsion.
How do we show the electron configuration of ions?
Add or remove electrons from the highest energy level.
What is the electron configuration for a calcium ion?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶
How are shorthand electron configuration shown?
Use the closest noble gas symbol. e.g. K = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ = [Ar] 4s¹