Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
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Fermentation is…
the partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen (anaerobic)
Aerobic respiration…
consumes organic molecules and oxygen -> yields ATP
Cellular respiration…
the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP, includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Cellular Respiration Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (glucose + oxygen) → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O(carbon dioxide + water) + Energy (ATP + heat)
Redox reactions are
chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
oxidation is when (ox)
lost ox :(, the loss of electrons from a substance
reduction is when (read)
ad read B), the addition of electrons from a substance
oxidation and reduction go hand in hand…
the reducing agent-> electron donor the oxidizing agent-> oxidizes the electron donor
In cellular respiration, glucose is _ and O2 is _
oxidized; reduced
NAD+ is
a coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier, as an acceptor
NADH represents __ that is tapped to synthesize ATP
stored energy
In order to transport electrons to oxygen…
cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain, using energy-releasing steps
The electron transport chain is…
consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells-forms a proton gradient to be used in chemiosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation generates _% of ATP
90%, because it is powered by redox reactions
substrate-level phosphorylation is
production of ATP when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly from a substrate to ADP
glycolysis (stage 1)
-harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate(breaks down glucose) -occurs in the cytosol -yields 2 ATP + 2 NADH
glycolysis has two phases:
energy investment: spends ATP energy payoff: ATP is produced by substrate phos.
pyruvate oxidation (stage 2 pt 1.)
-upon entering the mitochondria (active transport), and processed through the dehydrogenase
acetyl CoA->
oxidized from pyruvate->turns into acetyl coenzyme A
the citric acid cycle(krebs cycle) (stage 2 pt 2.)
-8 steps, in mitochondria -for every molecule of glucose-> 4 ATPS + 10 NADH -acetyl CoA is further oxidized + turns into citrate
Oxidative Phosphorylation (stage 3)
During this stage, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
_ and _ donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis
NADH & FADH2
Molecules of the electron transport chain are embedded in the inner _ membrane for eukaryotic cells, and _ in prokaryotes
mitochondrial membrane; plasma membrane
what is chemiosmosis?
energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion(H+) gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP