DF 3 (prep yourself)

complex mixtures of many different compounds carefully blended to give the right properties compounds obtained from crude oil

its a mixture of many hundreds of hydrocarbons its a thick back liquid with dissolved gases and solids

-oil from the north sea pumped to UK refineries -crude oil heated to vaporise, then passed into distillation column -separated into fractions, with certain ranges of boiling points -gasoline and gas oil fractions are sources for festival components

because they are mixtures of many different hydrocarbons

includes all carbon compounds because many carbon compounds are found in living organisms -except carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the carbonates

-first element of group 4, so it has 4 electrons in its outer shell, must lose or gain 4 electrons to be stable, but the charge would be too high -so it forms covalent bonds instead -forms strong covalent bonds with itself to form C-C covalent bonds (catenation) -can form limitless variety of organic compounds

-compounds containing ONLY hydrogen and carbon

compound that contains one or more benzene rings

compounds that don’t contain benzene rings

modifiers that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of molecules

BENZENE C6H6 -circle surrounded by hexagon -arene METHANE CH4 -carbon surrounded by 4 hydrogens (cross like) of single bonds -alkane CYCLOHEXANE C6H12 -hexagon -cycloalkane ETHENE C2H4 -carbon double bond, 2 diagonal hydrogens on each carbon -alkene

each carbon in the hexagon of carbons makes three bonds and leaves one delocalised electron each in the centre to form a ring of them

they are unreactive frameworks of hydrocarbons modifiers when other groups are attached the properties are modified modifiers are also known as the functional group

saturated hydrocarbons, so they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible without any carbon double or triple bonds -formula Cn H 2n+2 -cracked to form alkenes -they can be branched -react with oxygen to make CO2 and 02 -can be isomerised

a series of compounds in which all members have the same general formula and functional group they all have similar chemical properties but different physical properties e.g melting and boiling points and density

molecular formula: C2H6 full structural 2 carbons each attached to 3 hydrogens (up, down, left, right) by single bonds shortened structural formula: CH3-CH3 further shortened: CH3CH3

when two compounds have the same molecular formula and a different structural isomer

CH3 methyl CH3 CH2 ethyl CH3 CH2 CH2 propyl CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 butyl CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 pentyl

alkanes in a cyclic structure that are saturated

cyclobutane - C4H8 cyclohexane- C6H12

• find the LONGEST chain e.g. hexane • identify the side chains e.g. butyl 3.state the location of the side chain by the numbered carbon on the longest chain, trying to make the carbon number as low as possible e.g. 2-butylhexane • if there’s more than one side chain, keep numbers low as possible still and put them in alphabetical order • name the location of the side chains first with commas in between the no. s e.g 2,2-dimethyl propane

-first four of the series are colourless gases -numbers 5-16 are colourless liquids - numbers 17+ are white waxy solids

• mix well with each other -do not mix well with water, form two separate layers because alkanes contain non polar molecules but water contains polar molecules which attract each other and prevents the alkanes molecules mixing with them