1.3 DNA & Genetic Engineering Biology N5
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what is DNA
DNA is the molecule that makes up chromosomes and genes in the nucleus
what is the shape of a DNA strand
a DNA strand is in a double-stramded helix held together by base pairs, which are twisted into a helix shape.
what are the four base molecules in a DNA strand
adenine (A), cytosine(C), guanine(G) and thymine(T)
what molecule base pairs with (A) adenine
(T) thymine
what molecule base (T) thymine
(A) adenine
what molecule base pair is pared with (G) guanine
(C) cytosine
what molecule base pair is paired with (C) cytosine
(G) guanine
when figuring out base pair numbers what is the one main rule you must remember
the number of A bases is equal to the number of T bases the number of C bases is equal to the number of G bases
what does DNA carry
DNA carries the information for making proteins
what is a gene
a gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein
whatis a chain of amino acid molecules called
proteins
how are different proteins coded
different proteins are coded for using different base sequences
where are proteins syunthesised
in the ribisomes in the cell’s cytoplasm
because a DNA is to large to pass out the nucleus what is sent out instead
a messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to deliver a complemantry copy of the gentic code from the DNA, in the nucleus, to a ribosome,
what do the bases on mRNA molecule code for
the bases code for specific amino acids
the amino acids coreect line up to form a protein are determined by what?
the base sequence and bond
whta does the sequence of amino acids determine
the protein shape and function
what is genetic engineering
is the transfer of genes from one living thing to another
why are genes modified
genes are modified to make products that they coudn’t make before like insulin
describe the process of genetic engineering
• the section of required gene from the source chromosome is identified • the required gene is cut out of the DNA using an enzyme • a small ring of DNA called a plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell • The plasmid is cut open using the same enzyme • The required gene is thyen inserted into the plasmid using another enzyme • The modified plasmid containing the required gene is taken up by a host bacterial cell the bacteria is now a genetically modified organism and can produce the “new” protein