chapter 11: chemical kinetics
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what is kinetics
concerned w/ the speed rates of rxns
what is rate
changes in quantity in a given period of time
what is thermodynamics
tells the direction and extent of the reaction
what is a state function
independent of the path
thermodynamics has nothing to do with
kinetics
how can you determine the rate of reactions
monitoring the change in concentration - reactions slow down every time
what is the instantaneous rate
the slope of a line tangent to the curve at any point
what is the initial rate
the instantaneous rate, t= 0
what is a rate law
shows how the rate depends on the concentrations
what is k
the rate constant
how do you determine the exponents
determined by the experiment
what are the rate law exponents
0,1,2
what is the overall reaction order
the sum of the orders w/ respect to each reactant in the rate law
how do you write the rate
use the reactants k[A]^a[B]^b
what are the units of rate constant
M^-1,S^-1
what is zero order
changing conc. has no effect on the rate
first order
rate changes by the same factor as the conc( doubles the initial concentration doubles the rate)
what is second order
the rate changes by the square of the factor the concentration changes - doubling the initial concentration quaduples the rate
what is another name for rate laws
differntial rate laws - used to calculate reaction rates when given reactant conc.
what is integrated rate laws
used to calculate the amount of reactants left after a certain amount of time has passed
what is the first order reaction equation
ln[At] = -kt+ ln[A0] y = mx + b
what are some characteristics of zero reactions
-rate=k[A]^0\ - doesn’t depend on concentration - 2^0 =1, 3^0 -1 - M^1t^-1 equation: -kt + [A0] slope = -k
what can you use to find the order of a reaction depending on the exponent
M^1-n t^-1
what is half life t1/2
time required for one half of a reactant to react [A] @ 1/2 is one half the original then [At] = 0.5[A0]