Psychology

The nature of groups, the laws of their developments and the interrelations with individuals, other groups and larger institutions. Cartwright and Zander, 1968

The phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases. (weinberg and Gould 2011) Reduced Motivation due to decreasing sense of personal accountability was deemed to be the most important factor. (Ingham et al. 1974)

Carron and Hausenblas, 1998) They Share a common fate (groups win or lose) Associated with mutual benefit - Social attachments are typically evident Has a social structure Presence of group processes - interaction and communication Assembly effect bonus (potential for) Extra Productivity Self Categorisation - individuals must consider themselves members of the groups.

A collection of two or more individuals who… • Process a common identity Have common goals and objectives Share a common fate Exhibit structured patterns of interaction and modes of communication Hold perceptions about group strcuture Are personally and instrumentally independent, reciprocate interpersonal attraction and consider themselves as a group Carron and hausenblas

Actual Productivity = Potential Productivity - Process losses Steiner 1972

A dynamic process which is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs. Carron, Brawley and Widmeyer (1998, pp.213)

Cohesion “It plays such as an important role in the dynamics of all groups that some social scientists have called cohesion the most important small group variable” (Carron and Eys, 2012)

Carron et al 1985 The Group Cohesion model states there are 4 dimensions of cohesion. I.e. 2 types of cohesion Task and Social which can be either Individual attractions to the group and Group intergartion.

Task = the general motivation toward achieving the group’s instrumental objectives Individual performance issues and Team performance issues. Beauchamp and Eys 2008

General motivation toward developing and maintaining social relationships and activities within the group Personal relationships Togetherness, closeness and affiliation. Beauchamp and Eys 2008

Carron et al 1985 An individuals personal attarction to the team Personal motivations which attract the individual to the team and their personal feelings about the group.

An individuals perceptions of the team as a whole Perceptions about the closeness, bonding and similarities within the group. Perceptions about the unification of the group. Carron et al 1985

The Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) Carron, Widmeyer and Brawley, 1985

(Carron, Widmeyer and Brawley, 1985) It is a general measure of cohesion within sports teams 18 statements with a Likert Scale

LEPT Leadership Environment Personal Factors Team Factors (Carron and Hausenblas, 1998)

Leaders behaviour Leaders decision style Coach athlete relationship High Cohesion = A democratic approach to decision making. Coaches promotion of teamwork (Callow et al. 2009)

Group Size Type of Sport Level of Competition High Cohesion = Smaller Group size (carron et al 2012) Lower level of competition (Carron and Hausenblas, 1998)

The coach athlete relationship describes athletes cognitions, feelings and behaviours are mutually and casually related. Jowett and Cockerill 2002

the Coach athlete relationship in the sport domain is one of the most important relationships formed. Jowett (2003)

Jowett 2007 The coach athlete relationship depends on 4 things Closeness Commitment Complementarity Co-orientation

The affective tone of the relationship - mutual feelings of trust, respect and appreciation. Jowett + Clarke - Carter (2006)

Commitment = The coach and athletes intention to maintain the relationship over time Jowett + Clarke - Carter (2006)

The degree to which members work together, co-operation and reciprocation - look at reciprocal ability to change their styles. Jowett + Clarke - Carter (2006)

The degree to which there is a mutual understanding and similarity int he way the coach and athlete perceive their relationship. Jowett + Clarke - Carter (2006)