1.4 Musculoskeletal system
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What is a joint?
Where two bones meet/join
What is a ligament?
Connects bone to bone
What is a tendon?
Connects muscle to bone
What is meant by the term ‘articulating bones’ and give an example
Bones that meet and move at the joint e.g. shoulder = scapula, humerus
Explain the difference between abduction and adduction?
Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body Adduction: movement towards the midline of the body
Explain the difference between the agonist and antagonist
Agonist: muscle contracting and therefore responsible for movement Antagonist: muscle that is relaxing and lengthening
Identify the types of muscular contractions
Two types of muscular contractions: • ISOTONIC - in which there are two types: 1a. concentric and 1b. eccentric • ISOMETRIC ISOMETRIC
Describe the types of muscular contractions
• ISOTONIC: muscle contracts to create movement (think of tonic water, it moves = contraction to create movement) 1a. ISOTONIC concentric = muscle shortens under tension 1b. ISOTONIC eccentric = muscle lengthens under tension (acts as a brake) • ISOMETRIC: when a muscle contracts without lengthening or shortening therefore resulting in no movement.
Give an example of an isometric contraction
Crucifix position in gymnastics
Give an example of an isotonic eccentric contraction
Landing from a standing jump - for the quadriceps to support the body weight of landing they lengthen under tension
What bones articulate at the ankle and identify the joint type
Articulating bones: Talus, tibia, fibula Joint type: hinge Joint type: Hinge
What bones articulate at the knee and identify the joint type
Articulating bones = Femur, tibia Joint type = hinge Joint type: Hinge
Identify the difference between the state of extension and flexion
Flexion = decreasing the angle between the bones Extension = increasing the angle between the bones
What is meant by a ‘fixator muscle’ and give an example
Muscle contracting to stabilise the body in position. Bicep curl fixators = shoulder and wrist
What is the main function of the transverse abdominis?
Core stabiliser
Identify the plane and axes
Plane: Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane Axes: Transverse axis Sagittal axis Longitudinal axis
Identify the difference between Dorsi and Plantar flexion
Plantra flexion: toes pointed Dorsi flexion: flexing of feet Dorsi flexion: toes up to shin
Describe how the planes of movement ‘divide’ the body into sections
Sagittal plane - left & right Frontal plane - front & back Transverse plane - upper and lower half (head and toes)
Move _____ a plane (movement) and _____ an axis
Move ALONG a plane (movement) and AROUND an axis
In order, Identify the bones in the spine
C - ervical T - horacic L - umbar S - acrum C - occyx (Cuddly teddies love some cuddles)
Move ___ a plane and ___ an axis
Move IN a plane and AROUND an axis
What type of movement does the sagittal plane allow?
Extension/flexion
What type of movement does the transverse plane allow?
Rotation
What type of movement does the frontal plane allow?
Abd + adduction