Forestry

Indicative mark scheme: * harvest at or below MSY * managed by replanting * calculated by growth rate and natural mortality * maintains tree populations * maintains forest ecosystem resources and services * mixed species plantations (rather than monoculture) * increased number of niches/food resources/breeding sites * indigenous species (rather than non-indigenous) * greater number of interdependent relationships – higher biodiversity * reduced risk of introduction of invasive species * mixed age structure (rather than single age monoculture) * managed by planting and harvesting plan * greater number of interdependent relationships – higher biodiversity * selective logging (rather than clear felling)/coppicing/pollarding * maintains canopy to increase interception and reduce soil erosion * avoids forest fragmentation

Controlled abiotic factors * Low light levels/shaded beneath canopy * More humid beneath canopy * Reduced wind velocity beneath canopy * Canopy protects from rain * Dead organic matter from the canopy provides nutrients

fewer ground plants reduced food/egg laying sites/DOM food reduction in population/diversity reduced temperature beyond range of tolerance reduction in population/diversity

1) Atmospheric regulation 2) Regulation of the hydrological cycle 3) Forest Microclimate 4) Habitat and Wildlife refuge 4) Soil conservation

cutting trees to ground level on a cycle of 1-20 years depending on wood use. The branches that regrow can be used for baskets, fencing etc

trees cut above ground level so the regrowing branches can’t be eaten by livestock

Advantages: -may be better adapted to the environmental conditions - less likely to suffer damage caused by pests or disease Disadvantages: - less likely to support indigenous wildlife species as cant provide food etc

aka a monoculture - makes plantation management easier as activities such as planting and felling can be carried out over large areas at the same time.

planting all the seedlings close together makes the trees compete with each other for light so they grow tall and straight. - results in a dense canopy which reduces biodiversity on forest floor

• makes management easy • reduces variety of abiotic factors • reducing biodiversity

1) Agriculture 2) Mineral extraction 3) Reservoirs 4) Urbanisation 5) Transport infrastructure

1) Loss of forest resources 2) Ecological impacts 3) Changes to hydrology 4) Impact on soil 5) Climate impacts

1) Harvesting rates- rate of removal must not succeed MSY. 2) Mixed species plantations- increase in food choices etc 3) Indigenous species 4) Mixed age structure- provides a greater variety of abiotic factors 5) Selective logging- more labour intensive but better for wildlife and ensures maximum benefit over longer time

• reduced carbon sequestration • reduced root binding of soil • reduced interception • loss of wildlife habitat/amenity use • impact on climate change • loss of land that supports agriculture/reduced quality of water for domestic use • reduced income from tourism/resource exploitation

1) Tree height- taller trees create a denser canopy which reduces wind speed and traps moisture, increasing humidity 2) Board, dense leaves trap more moisture leading to higher humidity

• maintains canopy to increase interception and reduce soil erosion • avoids forest fragmentation.

• trees cut down to stumps in different areas (at different times) • change in named abiotic eg light, humidity, wind, etc • change in niches / habitats / nesting sites / food sources