Chapter 8
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genes
segment of DNA that codes for a functional product (proteins)
genetics
the scientific study of heredity
genome
all the genetic information in an organism; all of an organisms chromosomes
chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
genomics
study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> protein
main difference between DNA and RNA
DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded
what is the start codon
AUG
what are the stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
structure of DNA
double helix, antiparallel, nucleotides added at 3’ end
direction of DNA synthesis
5’ to 3’; added at 3’ end
what is the charge of DNA
negative; due to oxygen and phosphates
first step of DNA replication
gyrase relaxes supercoiling and helicase unwinds double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds; forming replication fork
lagging strand synthesis
synthesixe short RNA primers using primase; extended by DNA polymerase; polymerase digests primers and replaces with DNA; ligase stitches fragments together
leading strand synthesis
continuous in 5’ to 3’ direction
okazaki fragments
shorts lengths of single-stranded DNA made on the lagging strand
leading strand vs lagging strand
leading strand is synthesized continuously while lagging strand is in okazaki fragments that are synthesized in segments
antisense strand
viral RNA that cannot act as mRNA
sense strand
viral RNA that can act as mRNA
tRNA
type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins (transfer RNA)
mRNA
type of RNA molecule that directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins (messenger RNA)
rRNA
type of RNA molecule that forms ribosomes (ribosomal RNA)
RNA polymerase
synthesizes RNA molecules from DNA template during transcription
how is transcription terminated
when RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence and falls off DNA