Mineral Resources
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Which layers of the Earth are in the lithosphere?
The crust and the upper mantle.
What is intrusive igneous rock?
Magma that cools slowly inside the lithosphere.
What is extrusive igneous rock?
Magma erupts and cools quickly on the Earth’s crust.
Give an example of intrusive igneous rock.
Granite
Give an example of extrusive igneous rock.
Basalt
What word described a large area of intrusive igneous rock?
A Batholith
Name the 1 geological processes that produces igneous rock.
Hydrothermal deposition
Name a mineral that is deposited by hydrothermal deposition.
Silver and Gold
Describe the 3 stages of hydrothermal deposition.
Water is superheated by magma so minerals from the surrounding rock dissolve in the water. Water moves along fissures away from the heat source, so the water cools. As the water cools, minerals precipitate out of the water and form deposits.
In hydrothermal deposition, which minerals will deposit first?
The least soluble mineral will deposit first.
Describe the stages of sedimentary rock formation.
Sediment deposits on the ocean floor. Sediment is compacted and cemented together.
Name the 4 geological processes that produce sedimentary rock.
Proterozoic marine sediments Physical sediments Evaporite formation Biological processes
Give an example of sedimentary rock.
Sandstone and limestone
Name a rock that is formed from Proterozoic marine sediments.
Haematite
Describe the 3 stages of Proterozoic marine sediment formation.
Oxygen is formed from photosynthesis. Oxygen reacts with iron in the sea forming insoluble iron oxide. Iron oxide sinks to the ocean floor forming Banded Iron Formation (BIF) rock.
Name minerals that are formed from the physical sediment process.
Gold and diamonds.
Describe the 2 stages of the physical sediment process.
High speed water is slowed suddenly. The loss of kinetic energy causes minerals to be deposited.
Name 2 common locations where the physical sediment process occurs.
A bend in the river and a waterfall.
Name a mineral formed from evaporite formation
Halite
Describe the 2 stages of the evaporite formation process.
An area of water evaporates. This leaves behind a salt deposit- e.g. NaCl (salt)
Coal is formed from a biological process. What is coal made from?
Plants
Limestone is formed from a biological process. What is limestone made from?
Shells and the exoskeleton of marine organisms.
Oil and gas are formed from a biological process. What are oil and gas made from?
Marine plankton
When will a igneous/ sedimentary be turned into a metamorphic rock?
When the rock comes into contact with molten rock under high pressure and temperature.