Chapter 8

have characteristics of the actual objects, usually images (map, picture)

abstract (words, numbers)

category or class of related items (fruits) that allows us to generalize

cognitive schemas that allow us to generalize people based on membership in a group

people select the choice with the largest gain (not always accurate)

focus on actual choices instead of ideal ones

shortcuts to make quick decisions

when making decisions, people rely on the first piece of information they encounter (the Ghandi death example and interview characteristics)

tendency to emphasize potential losses or potential gains– people tend to avoid certain loss

tendency to make an answer based on what comes to mind first, can be based on your surroundings

tendency to place a person in a category (e.g. neurosurgeon example)

tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future

having a fixed ideas on the function of an object– overcome this for effective problem solving

when you suddenly realize the solution to a problem

smallest units of words that have meaning (including suffixes and prefixes)

phonemes=basic sounds of speech

deficits in language comprehension and production

region in left hemisphere at intersection of temporal and parietal lobes that controls the understanding of meaning of words (they talk nonsense)

rudimentary sentences spoken by children that are not grammatically correct but convey meaning

implicit meanings of sentences– sentences can have the same deep structure even if they are rearranged

measure that compares child’s test score with average score for children of that age

index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s mental age by the actual age and multiplying by 100

one general factor controls intelligence in multiple fields

being able to think logically without prior knowledge