Exam 3
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If a predator must actively search for a prey, then what should be expected? *E/(h+s)
energy gained should offset that used in searching & handling prey
what is a mechanical defense plants use againts mammal herbavores?
spines
What did ecologist Christen Raunkiaer observed in his studies?
that species abundances seem to have a regular distribution (inverted J)
the ratio between what determines the proportion of occupied patches at metapopulation equilibrium?
extinction & colonization
what does Leibig’s law of minimum states?
that there is one single limiting resource to population growth
what is taken into account for Lotka-Volterra-Gause competition model?
the carrying capacity of both competitors
how does digestive rate model differs from optimal foraging theory?
it focuses on digestion rate rather than ingestion rate
how to calculate lx or Ro?
• # alive divided by # alive initially - Ro = sum of (lx. bx)
list the assumption of the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model
• exponential growth of prey population • removal of prey by predators only • predator declines when starving
what applies to open communities?
chance association of organisms that are adapted to live in the same area
why do plankton population densities fluncuates more than sheep’s?
• they have a shorter life span & a higher turnover • have higher intrincis mortality rate • have higher reproductive rate
how is per capita birth rate calculated as?
total # of births over total # of individuals
What can be said about p. aurelia & p. caudalum?
p. aurelia is the stronger competitor
what does the sit-&-wait foraging mode depend on?
• high density of prey • high prey mobility • low predator energy requirements
if a mutant coffee plant has 15 times less caffeine than wild-type seeds, what can happen to it?
it’s pod would probably be more damaged by seed predators
What happened in georgii’s experiment?
in part 1, all preys was comsumed resulting in extinction of predators. in part 2, preys can now hide & recover, no extinction
what happens when rarefraction curves does not perfectly plateau?
some rare species may be missing
what is the most logical way to scale down a study with limited funding of DeVries’s butterfly diversity?
run the study with the same method for fewer years
what is the association between mycorrhizal fungi & land plants an example of?
trophic mutualism
the evolution of mutualistic interactions implies an increase in what?
fitness of both partners
define species abundance
the # of individuals of each species present in a given community
what is observed in Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model of snowshoe hare & lynx?
lynx cycles follow hare cycles & abundance peaks are slightly offset
in plant defence what does induced production of chemicals after damage suggest?
that defence has a cost
list Density-dependent factors that regulate population growth
• space • norishment • predators • parasites • diseases