AN210: Biotechnology and its Applications

Three critical research areas of biotechnology are:- • Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a _____________. • Creating optimal conditions through ______________ for a catalyst to act • Downstream processing technologies to purify the ____________ compound.

Biotechnology applications is used for increase food production by **three **options. • ______________ chemical based agriculture. • ____________ agriculture • ______________ engineered crop-based agriculture.

The ______________ Revolution succeeded in *tripling food supply but yet it was not enough to feed the growing human population.

Increased yields have partly been due to the use of _____________ crop varieties, but mainly due to the use of better management practices and use of agrochemicals.

As traditional breeding techniques failed to keep pace with demand and to provide sufficiently fast and efficient systems for crop improvement, another technology called ______________ got developed.

Tissue culture was learnt by scientists, during 1950s , that whole plants could be regenerated from ______________

The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is called ____________ .

The nutrient medium must provide a carbon source such as ____________ and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and growth regulators like ___________ , cytokinin.

The method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called _________________

The plant produced through tissue culture will be _____________ identical to the original plants from which they were grown.

Another important application of the Micro-propagation is the recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants. Even if the plant is infected with a virus, the __________ (apical and axillary) is free of virus

Scientists have succeeded in culturing meristems of __________ , _________ and _________

Scientists have even isolated single cells from plants and after digesting their cell walls have been able to isolate naked _________________.

Isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of plants- each having a desirable character can be fused to get _____________, which can be further grown to form a new plant. These hybrids are called ____________ while the process is called _______________

When a protoplast of tomato is fused with that of potato , resulting in formation of ____________.

Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called _______________________ (GMO)

Golden Rice is _______________ enriched rice.

GM (Genetically Modified) plants have been useful in many ways 1. made crops more tolerant to _______ stresses 2. _________ resistant crops 3. reduce __________ harvest losses 4. increased efficiency of ___________ usage by plants 5. enhanced ___________ value of food

Bt toxin is produced by a bacterium called _____________________ (Bt for short)

Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the bacteria and been expressed in plants to provide resistance to insects without the need for __________________ , in effect created a _____________

Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill certain insects such as 1. L_______________ (tobacco budworm, armyworm) 2. C____________ (beetles). 3. D____________ (flies, mosquitoes).

B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic _____________ protein.

Bt toxin protein exist as inactive ____________ but once an insect ingest the inactive toxin, it is converted into an active form of toxin due to the alkaline pH of the gut which solubilise the crystals.

The toxin is coded by a gene *cryIAc named _________