Drugs
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What three things are drugs tested for?
Efficacy, Dosage, Toxicity
What is efficacy?
How effective something is in ideal and controlled conditions.
What is effectiveness?
How effective something is in the real world.
What is toxicity?
The ability for something to have harmful effects.
What is dosage?
The quantity of medication prescribed to be taken at one time.
What is safety?
Insured protection from harm or injury.
What are the five stages of drug testing?
Preclinical 1, Preclinical 2, Clinical 1, Clinical 2, Clinical 3.
What is Preclinical 1?
Uses computer models and human cells in a lab.
What is Preclinical 2?
Drugs are tested on animals to look for toxicity and side effects.
What is Clinical 1?
A small number of healthy volunteers are tested to ensure the drug has no unwanted side effects.
What is Clinical 2?
A small scale trial on selected individuals with relative illnesses to test the effectiveness.
What is Clinical 3?
Drugs tested on large populations to calculate dose at which point it might become toxic.
What is a placebo?
A substance that is like the drug being tested but doesn’t have any effects.
At what stage is a placebo used?
Clinical 1
What is a blind trial?
A trial in which the patients do not know who has the placebo.
What is a double blind trial?
A trial in which the patients and the doctors do not know who has the placebo.
Where does penicillin come from?
Mould
Where does aspirin come from?
Willow Bark
Where does digitalis come from?
Foxgloves
What are painkillers?
Drugs that relieve pain but do not tackle the cause or kill the pathogen.
What are antibiotics?
Drugs that kill the bacteria causing the problem without harming body cells.