Quarter 3 Vocab
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Age Structure Diagram
A visual representation that shows the age & gender distribution within a population
Birth rate
% of live births out of the population. Calculated by multiplying 100
Carrying capacity
The max population size that environment can support given its available resources & conditions
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year
Crude death rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year
Demographic transition model
A theory that describes the historical shift of populations from high birth & death rates to low birth & death rates as they undergo economic & social development
Demography
The scientific study of human populations, including their size, composition, distribution and dynamics
Density-dependent factors
Environmental factors that influence population dynamics & become more significant as population density increases, such as competition for resources and disease
Density-independent factors
Environmental factors that affect population dynamics regardless of population density, such as natural disasters or climate events
Doubling time
The time it takes for a population to double in size, often calculated using the rule of 70 or the rule of 72
Emigration
Individuals leaving one area / country to settle in another
Exponential growth
Pattern of growth where a population increases at a constant rate over time, resulting in a J-shaped curve on a graph
Family planning
The effort to regulate the number and spacing of births through the use of contraception or other methods
Growth rate
The percentage change in the size of a population over a specific period, taking into account births, deaths, immigration & emigration
Immigration
Individuals entering a new area / country to settle
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year
IPAT model
A formula (Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology) used to express the environmental impact of human activity, taking into account population size, affluence & technology
Replacement level fertility
The fertility rate at which a population replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically considered to be around 2.1 children per woman
Survivorship curve
A graphical representation showing the proportion of individuals in a population that survive to different ages
Type I
A survivorship curve where the majority of individuals survive to old age, characteristic of species that provide extensive parental care
Type II
A survivorship curve where the probability of survival is relatively constant throughout the lifespan, characteristic of species with a fairly constant mortality rate
Type III
A survivorship curve where a high proportion of individuals die early in life, characteristic of species that produce numerous offspring with minimal parental care
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years given the prevailing birth rates
Brownfield
A previously industrialized area that may be abandoned, often requiring environmental fixing before redevelopment