1.14

Hemoglobin-rich, red blood cells that transport oxygen through a body. Erythrocytes give the red color to vertebrate blood and do not have nuclei.

One of the many cells in the blood that lack hemoglobin but have a nucleus and are active in the immune response.

A minute, colorless, anucleate disk-like body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and damaged epithelium.

A minute, colorless, anucleate disk-like body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and damaged epithelium.

A protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

Anything that stimulates an immune response.

In an experiment, the group that the researcher expects to have a positive result, to show that the experimental setup was capable of producing results.

In an experiment, the group in which the conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.

A system of four types (A, AB, B, and O) which human blood is classified into, based on the presence or absence of certain antigens.

A protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin.

The clumping of particles.

A graph that plots known values which then allows the same properties to be determined for unknown samples by interpolation on the graph.

When a droplet of blood is dropped directly from above and strikes a horizontal surface at 90°, it produces a circular stain.

Transfers occur when a blood source comes into contact with a surface. If a victim crawled on the floor or the body was dragged, then there would be smears or trails on the floor. Smudges, smears, or bloody fingerprints or handprints on furniture or doors could indicate a struggle in the room.

Spatters are produced when a source of liquid blood travels through the air before landing on a target surface.

In this example, spatters with an elliptical or elongated shape struck the surface at an angle. This often means that an external force was applied that provided horizontal velocity, speed in a given direction, to the droplets. The more elongated the droplet, the faster they were moving. The long tail of each droplet indicates the direction it was moving when it struck the surface.

In this example, there was an impact (the larger pool), which sent blood droplets traveling away from the impact at high speed. This means the impact occured with significant force.

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). DNA is double-stranded and helical and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

A three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers. A protein’s form and function are determined by a cell’s nucleic acid sequence.

A building block of DNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

A component of nucleic acids found in DNA and RNA and in the energy-carrying molecule, ATP. Adenine is a purine base.

A three-dimensional spiral.

A component of the nucleic acid, DNA; a pyrimidine base.

A component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); a purine base.