Molecules to Metabolism (2.1)

The artificial synthesization of urea by Friedrich Wohler disproved vitalism for the first time.

Vitalism is the scientific doctrine that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principals than inanimate things

Carbon can make up to four covalent bonds with other atoms to complete its outer shell

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

• composed of the elements C, H, and O - has a H:O ratio of 2:1

• insoluble in water - include steroids, triglycerides, oils, and waxes

• made of one or more chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds • contain elements C, H, O, and N

• contain elements C, H, O, N, and P - DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids

• C₅H₁₀O₅ - sugar

• C6H12O6 - sugar

the web of all enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism

the synthesis of complex organisms from simpler organisms.

the synthesis of simple molecules from more complex molecules