Nitrogen (Descriptive Chemistry)
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What are some uses of hydrazine?
Rocket fuel 💥 Boiler water treatment Blowing agent in polymer production Pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals
How does hydrazine behave in acid-base reactions?
Acts as a base (like ammonia) Reacts with acids to form hydrazinium salts: N₂H₄ + HCl → [N₂H₅]Cl
Is hydrazine a reducing agent or oxidizing agent?
Strong reducing agent Used to reduce metal ions, remove oxygen, etc. Reacts with oxygen: N₂H₄ + O₂ → N₂ + 2H₂O
What is hydrazine and how is it prepared?
Hydrazine is a colorless, fuming, toxic liquid. Lab prep: From ammonia and sodium hypochlorite: NH₃ + NaOCl → N₂H₄ + NaCl + H₂O (in presence of gelatin to prevent side reactions)
What are the uses of ammonia?
Fertilizer (e.g. ammonium nitrate) Cleaning agents Production of nitric acid Refrigerants Dyes and explosives
How does ammonia behave with acids?
Neutralization to form ammonium salts. E.g.: NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl
Is ammonia acidic or basic?
Basic In water: NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻ Acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base (accepts a proton) Weak base; doesn’t ionize completely
What is the lab prep of ammonia?
Heat an ammonium salt (e.g. NH₄Cl) with a strong base (e.g. Ca(OH)₂): 2NH₄Cl + Ca(OH)₂ → 2NH₃ + 2H₂O + CaCl
How is ammonia manufactured industrially?
Haber Process: N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃ Conditions: 450–500°C, 200 atm, iron catalyst Exothermic reaction; favored by low temperature and high pressure
What are the physical properties of ammonia?
Colorless gas Pungent odor Highly soluble in water Less dense than air Weak base in aqueous solution
What are the uses of nitric acid?
Production of fertilizers (e.g. ammonium nitrate) Explosives (TNT, nitroglycerin) Metal treatment and cleaning Dye and pharmaceutical manufacture
What are the steps of the Ostwald Process?
Catalytic oxidation of ammonia: 4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O (Pt catalyst, 900°C) Oxidation of NO to NO₂: 2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂ Absorption of NO₂ in water: 3NO₂ + H₂O → 2HNO₃ + NO
What process is used to manufacture nitric acid industrially?
The Ostwald Process
Which nitrogen oxides are acidic?
N₂O₃ (forms HNO₂) NO₂ and N₂O₅ (form HNO₃) N₂O and NO are neutral
How is NO₂ (nitrogen dioxide) formed?
By oxidation of NO in air: 2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂
How is NO (nitric oxide) formed?
From the reaction of copper with dilute nitric acid: 3Cu + 8HNO₃ → 3Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2NO + 4H₂O By direct reaction of nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures: N₂ + O₂ → 2NO
How is N₂O (dinitrogen monoxide) formed?
By thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate: NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + 2H₂O
What are the main oxides of nitrogen?
N₂O (dinitrogen monoxide) NO (nitric oxide) N₂O₃ (dinitrogen trioxide) NO₂ (nitrogen dioxide) N₂O₅ (dinitrogen pentoxide)
What are the key chemical behaviors of nitrogen?
Inert as N₂ due to the strong triple bond. Forms covalent compounds. Acts as a reducing agent in ammonia (-3) and oxidizing agent in nitric acid (+5). Can form acidic oxides like NO₂ and N₂O₅.
Why is nitrogen gas relatively inert?
Because of the strong triple bond in N₂, which requires a lot of energy to break
What is the name and formula of the oxide of nitrogen in oxidation state +1?
Nitrous oxide (N₂O) — also called laughing gas.
What happens when nitric oxide (NO) is exposed to air?
It oxidizes to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂): 2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂
What is the laboratory preparation of nitric acid (HNO₃)?
KNO₃ + H₂SO₄ (conc) → KHSO₄ + HNO₃ (distilled off
What is the action of nitric acid on copper?
With dilute HNO₃: Cu + 4HNO₃ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2H₂O + 2NO With conc HNO₃: Cu + 4HNO₃ → Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2NO₂ + 2H₂O