Metals

• malleable and ductile • sonorous • lustrous • high melting and boiling point • good conductors of heat and electrcitiy

• react with dilute acids to produce salt and hydrogen - react with oxygen to form metal oxides

• contain different types of atoms that disrupt the orderly layer of atoms in the structure • makes it difficult for the layers to slide over each other and makes alloys harder and stronger than pure metal

calcium reacts slowly with cold water even though it is reactive

it reacts with oxygen to form a protective oxide layer that coats the metal and prevents it from further reacting with water or acids

breakdown of compounds upon applying heat

• metals below carbon in the reactivity series can easily be extracted from their ores by reduction using carbon • the more reactive metals, those above carbon, have to be extracted by electrolysis

extracted from its ore, bauxite, by electrolysis

• ore: haematite - iron (III) oxide • raw materials: coke, haematite, limestone • hot air is required to provide oxygen and to provide suffiient heat for reactions to take place in the furnace

molten iron from the blast furnance is poured into an oxygen furnace. Basic calcium oxide is added, and a jet of oxygen is turned on. The calcium oxide neutralises the acidic impurities, forming slag that is skimmed off. The oxygen burns all the other impurities away

https://ukcsma.co.uk/mpa-cms/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/csma-Blast-Furnace-Diagram.jpg

• C + O2 -> CO2 • CO2 + C -> 2CO • 3CO + Fe2O3 -> 3COs + 2Fe • molten iron flows to bottom • CaO react with acidici impurities to form slag

• ore: zinc blende, sinc sulphide • ore is first treated by a process called toasting in which the ore is burned in oxygen to produce zinc oxide and sulphur dioxide

2ZnS + 3O2 -> 2ZnO + 2SO2 ZnO + CO -> Zn + CO2

• profitable, material can be resold • reduces waste, landfill space is running out • reduces landfill • saves energy - avoids the procedure of extraction again • uses for fewer resources (less coal and iron

• often different mixtures of many metals, sorting this out can become pricey • purifying is expensive and uses more electricity than electrolysis requires • people rather not recycle

• in the manufacture of aircraft because of its strength and low density • in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion

• electrical wiring, good conductors of electricity - cooking utensils - good conductors of heat

• mild steel : used for car bodies and machinery, harder and stronger than pure iron due to the presence of other metals and elements • stainless steel: used in chemical plants and cutlery, hard and strong resistant to corrosion due to presence of other metals such as nickel and chromium

• galvanising steel • used to make brass (alloy) • used in car batteries