Chapter 16- Cell Signaling
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How do cells communicate with each other
Signals (ligand)
What are the different types of ligand or signals
Proteins, peptides, fatty acids derivatives, Amino acids, steroid hormones or dissolved gas
The signal is sent by ________ to be received by ______
Signaling cell, target cell
Signal transduction
Begins when receptor on target cell receives that extracellular signal and converts it to the intracellular signal that can alter the cells behavior
What are 4 different ways of cell signaling
Endocrine, paracrine, neuronal, contact dependent
Endocrine signaling releases what
Long lived ligand (hormones) that travel through the circulatory system to induce changes in several distant target cells In blood
Endocrine cell releases what type of ligand
Hormones
Example of endocrine signaling
Release of insulin by beta cells of the pancreas
Paracrine signaling
Releases short lived ligands (growth factors) that affect nearby target cells
What type of ligands do paracrine signaling cells releases
Growth factors
What type of signaling involves in wound healing
Paracrine signaling
Growth factors
Proteins that stimulate cell growth and cell division (cell proliferation)
Growth factors are what kind of ligands
Short lived
Another name for neuronal signaling
Synaptic signaling
Neuronal signaling
Neuron releases short lived ligands (neurotransmitters) into the synapse
What type of ligand is released with neuronal signaling
Neurotransmitters
Synapse
Forms between neuron and its target cell (neuron, muscle, gland, or endothelial cell)
Contact dependent signaling
Membrane bound signal molecules on the signaling cell binds to the membrane bound receptor on the target cell
Contact dependent signaling controls what
Nerve cell production during embryonic development of Drosophilia
Lateral inhibition
Inhibitory signal prevents adjacent cells from becoming specialized in the same way as signaling cell
Auto fine signaling
Cells sends signals to itself The signaling cell responds to its own signals Signaling cell and target cells are the same
Example of autocrine signaling
T cells of immune system
Epinephrine What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Hormones Adrenal gland Derivative of amino acid tyrosine Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolism
Cortisol What type of signal molecule is it Chemical nature Site of origin Why type of action
Hormone Adrenal gland Steroid (derivative cholesterol) Affects metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in most tissues