respiration

• Work together in an integrated manner • Together ensure access to oxygen for every cell • Also allow disposal of waste product, CO2

How the systems act as an integrated whole

• working muscle requires more oxygen • redirects blood • Increasing cardiac output, respiratory rate and tidal volume

movement of gasses between environment and the body’s cells

• Atmosphere to lung (ventilation) • Lung to blood • Blood to cells

Intercellular reaction of O2 with various molecules to produce CO2, water and energy (ATP)

• Exchange of gasses • Involved in regulation of PH in organism • Protective function - prevent pathogens and other irritants getting into the rest of the system • Allows you to speak - air passing through vocal chords

• Nose • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchus • Lung

Air enters body through nose, where cilia and mucus trap particles and warm and moisten the air

From nose air moves down to pharynx or throat, which is shared with the digestive system

Small flap of tissue folds of trachea and prevents food entering it when you swallow

• Voice box contain vocal chords, which vibrate to produce sound

From pharynx air moves down towards the lungs through the trachea - Made up of stiff rings of cartilage that support and protect it

Air moves from the trachea into the right and left bronchi which lead inside the lungs

• Main organs of respiration - soft, spongy texture - due to many thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them

• Trachea branches in to two bronchi - one to each lung • Each bronchus branches 22 more times • Finally terminating in a cluster of alveoli • As size of branches reduces the number of the increases

Propels mucus up the throat through the momentum of them moving

• The larger the area of reaction the more oxygen can be absorbed and CO2 expelled

• Premature babies are born without type II cells - why they sometimes die due to respiration problems • Type I cells allow gas exchange • Type II cells secrete a liquid called surfactant with protein and phosphor lipids

Composed of type I cells for gas exchange and type II cells that synthesize surfactant - Alveolar macrophages ingest foreign material that reaches the alveoli

760mmHg (sea level, dry)

• nitrogen • oxygen • CO2 • Water vapor

total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures of the individual gases

Partial pressure (P)